O turanismo, tamén coñecido como panturanismo, é un movemento político e cultural nacionalista que defende a necesidade dunha estreita cooperación ou unificación política entre pobos (relacionados cultural, lingüisticamente ou etnicamente) de orixe centroasiática,[1] como os fineses, os xaponeses,[2] os coreanos,[3][4] os saamis, os samoiedos, os húngaros, os turcos, os mongois, os manchús[5] e outros grupos étnicos máis pequenos, como medio para garantir e promover intereses compartidos e contrarrestar as ameazas que supoñen as políticas das grandes potencias de Europa. Naceu no século XIX para contrarrestar os efectos de ideoloxías pannacionalistas como o panxermanismo e o paneslavismo.[6] A idea dunha "irmandade e colaboración turaniana" foi tomada prestada do concepto paneslavo de "irmandade e colaboración eslava".[7]
↑"Many Japanese scholars expressed the idea of Nissen dōsoron (Theory of common ancestry between Japanese and Koreans), which maintained a common origin as well as inferior and superior positions of Koreans and Japanese. Other Japanese scholars concluded that Korea had been historically dominated by influences from the continent, particularly Manchuria." ALLEN, Chizuko: Ch'oe Namson at the Height of Japanese Imperialism. In: Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Vol. 5 No. 1. 2005. p. 27-49. http://sjeas.skku.edu/upload/201312/Chizuko%20T.PDFArquivado 23 de marzo de 2020 en Wayback Machine.
Poulton, H. (1997). Top Hat, Grey Wolf, and Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic. Londres, Inglaterra: Hurst.
Richards, G. (1997). ‘Race’, Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History. Routledge.
Richards Martin, Macaulay Vincent, Hickey Eileen, Vega Emilce, Sykes Bryan, Guida Valentina, Rengo Chiara, Sellitto Daniele, Cruciani Fulvio, Kivisild Toomas, Villerns Richard, Thomas Mark, Rychkov Serge, Rychkov Oksana, Rychkov Yuri, Golge Mukaddes, Dimitrov Dimitar, Hill Emmeline, Bradley Dan, Romano Valentino, Cail Francesco, Vona Giuseppe, Demaine Andrew, Papiha Surinder, Triantaphyllides Costas, Stefanescu Gheorghe, Hatina Jiri, Belledi Michele, Di Rienzo Anna, Novelletto Andrea, Oppenheim Ariella, Norby Soren, Al-Zaheri Nadia, Santachiara-Benerecetti Silvana, Scozzari Rosaria, Torroni Antonio, & Bandelt Hans Jurgen. (2000). Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, p. 1251–1276.
Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. Nova York: Vintage Books.
Searle-White, J. (2001). The Psychology of Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
Toynbee, A.J. (1917). Report on the Pan-Turanian Movement. Londres: Intelligence Bureau Department of Information, Admiralty, L/MIL/17/16/23.
Stoddard, T. Lothrop. “Pan-Turanism”. The American Political Science Review. Vol. 11, No. 1. (1917): 12–23.
Zenkovsky, Serge A. (1960). Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia. Cambridge-Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Zeman, Zbynek & Scharlau, Winfried (1965), The merchant of revolution. The life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus). Londres: Oxford University Press. See especially pages 125–144. ISBN0-19-211162-0ISBN978-0192111623
Nota: As formas de nacionalismo baseado principalmente no grupo étnico están recollidos enriba. Isto non implica que tódolos nacionalistas do grupo étnico subscriban esa forma de nacionalismo étnico.