Medalla Presidencial da Liberdade

Medalla da Liberdade.

A Medalla Presidencial da Liberdade (en inglés: Presidential Medal of Freedom) é unha condecoración outorgada polo Presidente dos Estados Unidos, equivalente á Medalla de Ouro outorgada polo Congreso, é a concesión civil máis alta nos Estados Unidos. Está deseñado para recoñecer as persoas que fixeron "unha contribución especialmente meritoria á seguridade ou aos intereses nacionais dos Estados Unidos, a paz mundial, cultural ou outras importantes iniciativas públicas ou privadas." Porén ser unha condecoración civil outorgada por orde executiva (e non por unha decisión da Xunta de Xefes de Estado Maior), a Medalla tamén pode ser concedida a militares para levala no uniforme.

Personalidades condecoradas

Medalla de Muhammad Ali no Muhammad Ali Center.

• 1946: John Kenneth Galbraith
• 1947: Marlene Dietrich
• 1954: John Steinbeck
• 1956: John von Neumann
• 1959: John Foster Dulles

Concedidas por John F. Kennedy

• 1963: Edwin Herbert Land (fundador da compañía Polaroid), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Jean Monnet, Thornton Wilder, Luis Muñoz Marin, Pau Casals, Mark S. Watson, Marian Anderson, Ralph Bunche, Ellsworth Bunker, Genevieve Caulfield, James B. Conant, John Franklin Enders, Felix Frankfurter, Karl Holton, Robert J. H. Kiphuth, Herbert H. Lehman, Robert A. Lovett, J. Clifford MacDonald, John J. McCloy, George Meany, Alexander Meiklejohn, Clarence B. Randall, Rudolf Serkin, Edward Steichen, George W. Taylor, Alan Tower Waterman, Annie Dodge Wauneka, E. B. White, Edmund Wilson, Andrew Wyeth

Concedidas por Lyndon B. Johnson

• 1963: Xoán XXIII (póstumo) – John F. Kennedy (póstumo) – Andrew Johnson
• 1964: Aaron Copland – Walt Disney – Willem de Kooning – T. S. Eliot - Lewis Mumford - Edward R. Murrow - Walter Lippmann - Ralph McGill
• 1967: Ellsworth Bunker
• 1969: Gregory Peck

Concedidas por Richard Nixon

• 1969: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin, Duke Ellington
• 1970: Earl Behrens – Edward T. Folliard – William M. Henry – Arthur Krock – David Lawrence – George Gould Lincoln – Raymond Moley – Adela Rogers St. Johns
• 1971: Manlio Brosio, Samuel Goldwyn, William J. Hopkins
• 1972: John Paul Vann (póstuma), Lila Acheson Wallace, DeWitt Wallace
• 1973: John Ford, William P. Rogers
• 1974: Paul G. Hoffman, Melvin Laird, Charles Lowman

Concedidas por Gerald Ford

• 1976: David K. E. Bruce, Martha Graham, Jesse Owens, Arthur Rubinstein,
• 1977: Iorwith Wilbur Abel, John Bardeen, Irving Berlin, Norman Borlaug,Omar Bradley, Arleigh Burke, Alexander Calder (póstuma), Bruce Catton, Joe DiMaggio, Ariel Durant, Will Durant, Arthur Fiedler, Henry Friendly, Lady Bird Johnson, Henry Kissinger, Archibald MacLeish, James A. Michener, Georgia O'Keeffe, Nelson Rockefeller, Norman Rockwell, Donald Rumsfeld, Catherine Filene Shouse, Lowell Thomas, James Watson

Concedidas por Jimmy Carter

• 1977: Martin Luther King (póstuma), Jonas Salk
• 1978: Arthur Goldberg
• 1979: Margaret Mead (póstuma)
• 1980: Ansel Adams, Horace M. Albright, Rachel Carson (póstuma), Lucia Chase, Hubert Humphrey (póstuma), arcebispo Iakovos de América, Lyndon B. Johnson (póstuma), Clarence Mitchell Jr., Roger Tory Peterson, Hyman G. Rickover, Beverly Sills, Robert Penn Warren, John Wayne (póstuma), Eudora Welty, Tennessee Williams
• 1981: Roger Nash Baldwin, Harold Brown, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Warren Christopher, Walter Cronkite, Kirk Douglas, Margaret McNamara, Karl Menninger, Edmund Muskie, Esther Peterson, Gerard C. Smith, Robert S. Strauss, Elbert Tuttle, Earl Warren (póstuma), Andrew Young.

Concedidas por Ronald Reagan

• 1981: Charles B. (Tex) Thornton – Morris I. Leibman – Walter H. Judd – Bryce N. Harlow – Ella T. Grasso – Eubie Blake
• 1983: George Balanchine - Billy Graham
• 1984: Ralph Bunche (póstumo) – Anwar as-Sadat (póstumo) – Eunice Shriver – Henry M. Jackson (póstumo) – Norman Vincent Peale – Jackie Robinson (póstumo)
• 1985: Count Basie (póstumo) – Jacques-Yves Cousteau – Jerome Holland (póstumo) – Sidney Hook – Jeane Kirkpatrick – George M. Low – Paul Nitze – Frank Reynolds (póstumo) – Dillon Ripley – Mutter Teresa – Frank Sinatra – James Stewart – Albert Wedemeyer – Chuck Yeager – Juan Trippe (póstumo)
• 1986: Walter Annenberg – Earl H. (Red) Blaik – Barry Goldwater – Helen Hayes – Matthew B. Ridgway – Vermont C. Royster – Albert Sabin – Vladimir Horowitz
• 1988: Milton Friedman

Concedidas por George H. W. Bush

• 1989: Lech Wałęsa
• 1991: Dick Cheney – Friedrich August von Hayek – H. Norman Schwarzkopf junior – Javier Pérez de Cuéllar – Luis A. Ferré – Margaret Thatcher – Vernon A. Walters
• 1992: Isaac Stern – Audrey Hepburn – Elie Wiesel – David Brinkley – Richard Petty – Sam Walton – Ella Fitzgerald
• 1993: I. M. Pei, Ronald Reagan, Strom Thurmond

Concedidas por Bill Clinton

• 1993: Arthur Ashe (póstumo) – William Joseph Brennan – Marjory Stoneman Douglas – James William Fulbright – Thurgood Marshall (póstumo) – Colin Powell – Joseph L. Raugh (póstumo) – Martha Raye – John Minor Wisdom – Ieoh Ming Pei
• 1994: Herbert Lawrence Block – César Chávez (póstumo) – Arthur Flemming – James Grant – Dorothy Irene Height – Barbara Jordan – Joseph Lane Kirkland – Robert H. Michel – Robert Sargent Shriver
• 1995: Peggy Charren – William Thaddeus Coleman – Joan Ganz Cooney – John Hope Franklin – A. Leon Higginbotham – Frank M. Johnson – C. Everett Koop – Gaylord Nelson – Walter P. Reuther – James W. Rouse – William C. Velasquez – Lew Wasserman
• 1996: Joseph Bernardin – James Brady – Millard Fuller – David Hamburg – John M. Johnson – Eugene Lang – Jan Nowak-Jeziorański – Antonia Pantoja – Rosa Parks – Ginetta Sagan – Morris Udall
• 1997: Bob Dole – William Perry
• 1998: Arnold Aronson – Brooke Astor – Robert Coles – Justin Dart, Jr. – James Farmer – Frances Hesselbein – Fred Korematsu – Sol Linowitz – Wilma Mankiller – Margaret Murie – Mario G. Obledo – Elliot L. Richardson – David Rockefeller – Albert Shanker (póstumo) – Elmo R. Zumwalt
• 1999: Lloyd Bentsen – Edgar Miles Bronfman senior – Jimmy e Rosalynn Carter – Evy Dubrow – Sr. M. Isolina Ferre – Gerald Ford – Oliver Hill – Max Kampelman – Edgar Wayburn – Helmut Kohl
• 2000: Aung San Suu Kyi – James Edward Burke – John Chafee (póstumo) – Wesley Clark – William Crowe – Marian Wright Edelman – John Kenneth Galbraith – George Higgins – Jesse Jackson – Mildred Jeffrey – Mathilde Krim – George McGovern – Daniel Patrick Moynihan – Cruz Reynoso – Gardner Taylor – Simon Wiesenthal
• 2001: Ningunha cerimonia

Concedidas por George W. Bush

• 2002: Hank Aaron – Bill Cosby – Plácido Domingo – Peter Drucker – Katharine Graham (póstumo) – D.A. Henderson – Irving Kristol – Nelson Mandela – Gordon Moore – Nancy Reagan – Fred Rogers – Abraham Michael Rosenthal
• 2003: Robert L. Bartley – Jacques Barzun – Julia Child – Roberto Walker Clemente – Van Cliburn – Václav Havel – Charlton Heston – Edward Teller – R. David Thomas – Byron Raymond White – James Q. Wilson – John Wooden
• 2004: Paul Bremer – Tommy R. Franks – George Tenet – Edward W. Brooke – Doris Day – Vartan Gregorian – Gilbert M. Grosvenor – Gordon B. Hinckley – Xoán Paulo – Estée Lauder – Rita Moreno – Arnold Palmer – Arnall Patz – Norman Podhoretz – Walter B. Wriston
• 2005: Muhammad Ali – Carol Burnett – Vinton G. Cerf – Robert Conquest – Aretha Franklin – Alan Greenspan – Andy Griffith – Paul Harvey – Robert E. Kahn – Sonny Montgomery – Richard B. Myers – Jack Nicklaus – Frank Robinson – Paul Rusesabagina – Anna Walentynowicz
• 2006: Ruth Johnson Colvin – Norman Francis – Paul Johnson – B. B. King – Joshua Lederberg – David McCullough – Norman Mineta – John O'Neil – William Safire – Natan Scharanski
• 2007: Gary Becker – Oscar Elias Biscet – Francis Collins – Benjamin L. Hooks – Brian P. Lamb – Harper Lee – Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
• 2008: Ben Carson, Anthony Fauci, Tom Lantos, Peter Pace, Donna Shalala, Laurence Silberman
• 2009: Tony Blair, Álvaro Uribe Vélez, John Howard

Concedidas por Barack Obama

• 2009: Ted Kennedy
• 2010: George H. W. Bush, Angela Merkel, John Lewis, John H. Adams, Maya Angelou, Warren Buffett, Jasper Johns, Gerda Weissmann Klein, Tom Little (póstumo), Yo-Yo Ma, Sylvia Mendez, Stan Musial, Bill Russell, Jean Kennedy Smith, John J. Sweeney.
• 2011: Ninghunha cerimonia
• 2012: Shimon Peres, John Glenn, Bob Dylan.
• 2013: Bill Clinton, Sally Ride (póstumo), Mario Molina, Oprah Winfrey, Ben Bradlee.
• 2014: Isabel Allende, Meryl Streep, Stevie Wonder, Mildred Dresselhaus
• 2015: Gloria Estefan, Emilio Estefan, Barbra Streisand, Katherine Johnson, Steven Spielberg, Willie Mays.
• 2016: Michael Jordán, Kareem Abdul Jabbar, Ellen DeGeneres, Frank Gehry, Maya Lin, Robert De Niro, Tom Hanks, Robert Redford, Cicely Tyson, Diana Ross, Bruce Springsteen, Grace Hopper (póstumo), Margaret Hamilton, Lorne Michaels, Bill Gates, Melinda Gates.
• 2017: Joe Biden.

Concedidas por Donald Trump

• 2018: Elvis Presley (póstuma), Antonin Scalia (póstuma), Miriam Adelson, Orrin Hatch, Babe Ruth (póstuma), Roger Staubach, Alan Page.
• 2019: Bob Cousy, Arthur Laffer, Edwin Meese, Roger Penske, Mariano Rivera, Jerry West, Tiger Woods.
• 2020: Dan Gable, Lou Holtz, Jack Keane, Rush Limbaugh, Jim Ryun.
• 2021: Babe Dridrikson Zaharias (póstuma), Devin Nunes, Jim Jordan, Gary Player, Annika Sörenstam.

Véxase tamén

Ligazóns externas

• Medal of Freedom, Official site for the Medal of Freedom for the current administration
• Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1963–2002 (alphabetical pp. 51–61, chronological pp. 62–69), The White House
• Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1993–2016, United States Senate
• Politicians Who Received the Medal of Freedom, The Political Graveyard