Batalla de Ancara: Diferenzas entre revisións

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==As forzas==
==As forzas==
Non se coñece o volume exacto dos exércitos en conflito. Cando Tamerlán invadiu Asia Menor, as súas forzas estaban formadas só por xinetes, o que lle permitía moverse velozmente polo seo do Imperio Otomán, destruíndo as súas defensas gradualmente. Máis tarde, antes e durante a batalla algúns dos aliados e vasalos de Bayezid se uniron a Tamerlán. Aínda que algúns historiadores do século XIX dan forzas de ata case un millón de homes, os historiadores contemporáneos reducen sensiblemente esa cifra, enn ''Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300&ndash;1774'', [[David Nicolle]] afirma que "estímase o tamaño dos dous exército en 140.000 na banda de Tamerllán e 85.000 na de Bayezid I.<ref>David Nicolle (1983) ''Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300&ndash;1774''. London: Osprey Publishing, p. 29</ref> O historiador do Medievo [[J. B. Bury]] estableceu que as dúas forzas eran de igual tamaño, co exército de Bayezid composto fundamentalmente de infanteria e 5 ou 10.000 cabaleiros serbios liderados polo déspota [[Stefan Lazarević]]<ref name="Bury">{{cite book|last=Bury|first=J. B.|authorlink=J. B. Bury|others=Tanner, J. R., Previté-Orton, C. W., Brooke, Z. N. (eds.)|title=The Cambridge Medieval History|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|year=1923|volume=vol. 4|page=562}}</ref>. De Albania [[Gjon Kastrioti]], xunto con outros vasalos otománs de Albania ([[Koja Zaharia]], [[Dhimiter Jonima]] e probablemente [[Tanush Dukagjini]]), dirixiu persoalmente as súas [[hoste|hostes]] que participaron do lado otomán.<ref>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, 9780472082605 p. 422 </ref>
Non se coñece o volume exacto dos exércitos en conflito. Cando Tamerlán invadiu Asia Menor, as súas forzas estaban formadas só por xinetes, o que lle permitía moverse velozmente polo seo do Imperio Otomán, destruíndo as súas defensas gradualmente. Máis tarde, antes e durante a batalla algúns dos aliados e vasalos de Bayezid se uniron a Tamerlán. Aínda que algúns historiadores do século XIX dan forzas de ata case un millón de homes, os historiadores contemporáneos reducen sensiblemente esa cifra, enn ''Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300&ndash;1774'', [[David Nicolle]] afirma que "estímase o tamaño dos dous exército en 140.000 na banda de Tamerllán e 85.000 na de Bayezid I.<ref>David Nicolle (1983) ''Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300&ndash;1774''. London: Osprey Publishing, p. 29</ref> O historiador do Medievo [[J. B. Bury]] estableceu que as dúas forzas eran de igual tamaño, co exército de Bayezid composto fundamentalmente de infanteria e 5 ou 10.000 cabaleiros serbios liderados polo déspota [[Stefan Lazarević]]<ref name="Bury">{{cite book|last=Bury|first=J. B.|authorlink=J. B. Bury|others=Tanner, J. R., Previté-Orton, C. W., Brooke, Z. N. (eds.)|title=The Cambridge Medieval History|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|year=1923|volume=vol. 4|page=562}}</ref>. De Albania [[Gjon Kastrioti]], xunto con outros vasalos otománs ([[Koja Zaharia]], [[Dhimiter Jonima]] e probablemente [[Tanush Dukagjini]]), dirixiu persoalmente as súas [[hoste|hostes]] que participaron do lado otomán.<ref>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, 9780472082605 p. 422 </ref>


==A batalla==
==A batalla==

Revisión como estaba o 8 de maio de 2012 ás 16:19


Battle of Ankara
Ficheiro:Battle of Angora1402.jpg
Data: 20 July 1402
Lugar: Çubuk field, near Ankara
Resultado: Decisive Timurid victory
Combatentes
Modelo:Flagicon image Timurid Empire Modelo:Country data Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
Moravian Serbia
Comandantes
Timur
Shah Rukh (Left Wing)
Khalil Sultan (Left Wing)
Miran Shah (Right Wing)
Abu Bakr (Vanguard)
Sultan Huseyn (Advance Guard)
Mohammed Sultan (Main Body) 		Beyazid IModelo:POW
Stefan Lazarević (Right Wing)[1][2][3][4]
Süleyman Çelebi (Left Wing)
Forzas en combate
Disputed Disputed
Efectos
Mortes: 15,000-25,000 killed and wounded[Cómpre referencia] Mortes: 15,000-40,000 killed and wounded[Cómpre referencia]

A Batalla de Ancara ou Batalla de Angora aconteceu o 20 de xullo de 1402, nos arredores de Çubuk (preto de Ancara) enfrontando as forzas do sultán Otomán Bayezid I e a Tamerlán, gobernante do Imperio Timúrida. A batalla foi unha importante vitoria para Tamerlán, e levou ao Imperio Otomán a un período de crise, coñecido como Interregno Otomán. Así e todo tras a morte de Tamerlán tres anos despois o Imperio Timúrida entrou no ocaso mentres o Imperio Otomán recuperouse totalmente e continuou incrementando o seu poder.

O contexto

Tamerlán era o máis poderoso gobernante de Asia Central desde a época de Genghis Khan, e pasara as dúas décadas anteriores reconstruíndo o Imperio Mongol dos seus antepasados [8][9]. Tamerlán conquistara Xeorxia e Acerbaixán estendendo o seu imperio ata as fronteiras do Imperio Otomán. Bayezid I pola súa parte pasara a maior parte do seu reinado en guerras conquistando territorios cara ao leste e oeste abranguendo case todo o territorio que unha vez pertencera ao Imperio Romano de Oriente[10] . Os dous poderes axiña entraron en conflito directo polo control do territorio e das rutas comerciais [11], facendo a confrontación inevitable xa a finais da década de 1390[12]. Bayezid esixiulle tributo a un bey de Anatolia que xurara lealdade a Tamerlán e tratou de invadir o seu territorio. Tamerlán interpretouno como un insulto persoal e en 1400 saqueou a cidade otomá de Sebaste, ao que seguíu a invasión de polo leste Anatolia para lle facer fronte, Bayezid convocou as súas forzas e enfrontouse a Tamerlán preto de Ancara. O conflito foi a culminación de anos de intercambio de misivas ofensivas entre Tamerlán e Bayezid.

As forzas

Non se coñece o volume exacto dos exércitos en conflito. Cando Tamerlán invadiu Asia Menor, as súas forzas estaban formadas só por xinetes, o que lle permitía moverse velozmente polo seo do Imperio Otomán, destruíndo as súas defensas gradualmente. Máis tarde, antes e durante a batalla algúns dos aliados e vasalos de Bayezid se uniron a Tamerlán. Aínda que algúns historiadores do século XIX dan forzas de ata case un millón de homes, os historiadores contemporáneos reducen sensiblemente esa cifra, enn Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300–1774, David Nicolle afirma que "estímase o tamaño dos dous exército en 140.000 na banda de Tamerllán e 85.000 na de Bayezid I.[13] O historiador do Medievo J. B. Bury estableceu que as dúas forzas eran de igual tamaño, co exército de Bayezid composto fundamentalmente de infanteria e 5 ou 10.000 cabaleiros serbios liderados polo déspota Stefan Lazarević[6]. De Albania Gjon Kastrioti, xunto con outros vasalos otománs (Koja Zaharia, Dhimiter Jonima e probablemente Tanush Dukagjini), dirixiu persoalmente as súas hostes que participaron do lado otomán.[14]

A batalla

Painting by Stanisław Chlebowski, Sultan Bayezid imprisoned by Timur, 1878, depicting the capture of Bayezid by Timur.

A batalla comeza cun ataque das forzas de Tamerlán sobre os otománs[15], que estaban exhaustos logo que as tropas de Tamerlán se fixeran co control das fontes de auga [16] pero conseguiron facerlle fronte e contratacaron, así e todo o cambio de bando dos qaraei levou ao colapso ao franco esquerdo do exército otomán, que se viu prendido entre dous fogos battle began with a large-scale attack from the Ottomans, countered by swarms of arrows from the Timurid horse archers. Several thousands were killed and many surrendered to Timur. During the battle the main water supply of both armies, Çubuk Creek, was diverted to an off-stream reservoir near the town of Çubuk by Timur, which left the Ottoman army with no water. The final battle took place at Catal hill, dominating the Çubuk valley. The Ottoman army, both thirsty and tired, was defeated, though Bayezid managed to escape to the nearby mountains with a few hundred horsemen. However, Timur had the mountains surrounded and, heavily outnumbering Bayezid, soon captured him. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Ottoman army was further weakened by the desertion of the Tatars and the Sipahis from the Anatolian beyliks, who left Bayezid alone and joined Timur's forces.

Aftermath

European nations had, at first, encouraged the Timurid invasion and the Genoese were said to be flying the Mongol standard from the walls of Galata in support of Timur. However, after a few months following his destruction of the Ottoman power in Anatolia, fear of being the next target had gripped the European people.[Cómpre referencia] Preferring the devil they knew to one they did not, Italian ships ferried the beaten Ottoman soldiers into Thrace to safety. Timur was furious at the Italian sailors who rescued the Ottoman soldiers, but with no ships, he was in no position to do anything to stop it. At least one Muslim writer complained that, despite being Muslims, Timur's soldiers ravaged in Asia Minor like barbarians.

The Battle of Ankara had a temporary effect on the political ground of the Balkans, where at the time the Ottomans had the initiative. Because of the Timurid invasion, the siege of Constantinople was lifted with Ottoman troops being withdrawn from the Balkans to counter the new threat.

This event had split the Ottomans into factions since Bayezid's sons were still alive and free after he himself was captured. Most of the Ottoman Turks had fled into Europe. The result was a civil war among Bayezid's four sons. This temporary weakening of the Ottomans resulted in delaying the end of the Byzantine Empire and the eventual Ottoman conquest of the Balkans.

The battle is significant in Ottoman history as being the only time a Sultan has been captured in person.[17]

Notas

  1. ↑ John Van Antwerp Fine (1994) The Late Medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; p. 499.
  2. ↑ Erik Hildinger (2001) Warriors of the Steppe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-81065-4; p. 189.
  3. ↑ John Patrick Douglas Balfour Kinross (1977) The Ottoman Centuries. New York: William Morrow and Company; p. 75.
  4. ↑ René Grousset (1970) The Empire of the Steppes, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press ISBN 0-8135-0627-1; p. 451.
  5. ↑ Anzulović, Branimir (1999). Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide. New York: New York University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-8147-0671-1. 
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Bury, J. B. (1923). The Cambridge Medieval History. vol. 4. Tanner, J. R., Previté-Orton, C. W., Brooke, Z. N. (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 562. 
  7. ↑ Prawdin, Michael, and Gérard Chaliand, The Mongol empire, (Transaction Publishers, 2006), 495.
  8. ↑ Beatrice Forbes Manz, "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Apr., 1998), 25; "In his formal correspondance Temur continued throughout his life as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He even justified his Iranian, Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns as a reimposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers...".
  9. ↑ Michal Biran, "The Chaghadaids and Islam: The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331-34)," Journal of American Oriental Society, Vol. 122, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 2002), 751; "Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire.".
  10. ↑ Dimitris Kastritsis The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War Of 1402-1413. BRILL (2007), p. 1
  11. ↑ Michael Dumper e Bruce Stanley Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO (2007), p. 37
  12. ↑ Bruce Alan Masters e Gábor Ágoston Enclyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase (2010), p. 82
  13. ↑ David Nicolle (1983) Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300–1774. London: Osprey Publishing, p. 29
  14. ↑ The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Author John Van Antwerp Fine Edition reprint, illustrated Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1994 ISBN 0-472-08260-4, 9780472082605 p. 422
  15. ↑ Mustafa Cezar, Midhat Sertoğlu et al. Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi. İskit Yayınevi. (1957), p. 198
  16. ↑ Colin Imber The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan (2002), p. 18
  17. ↑ Marozzi, Justin, The Art of War: Great Commanders of the Ancient and Medieval World, Roberts, Andrew (ed.). Quercus Military History, 2008. p. 337. ISBN 978-1-84724-259-4

References

  • Anzulović, Branimir, Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide, New York: New York University Press, 1999.
  • Bury, J. B., The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4. Tanner, J. R., Previté-Orton, C. W., Brooke, Z. N. (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923.
  • Fine, John Van Antwerp, The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.
  • Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, New York: Basic Books, 2006.
  • Grousset, René, The Empire of the Steppes, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1970.
  • Hildinger, Erik, Warriors of the Steppes, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 2001.
  • Kinross, John Patrick Douglas Balfour, The Ottoman Centuries, New York: William Morrow and Company, 1977.
  • Marozzi, Justin, Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004
  • Marozzi, Justin, "Tamerlane", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84724-259-4
  • Nicolle, David Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300–1774; colour plates by Angus McBride. London: Osprey Publishing, 1983 ISBN 0-85045-511-1 .
  • Prawdin, Michael, The Mongol Empire; with a new introduction by Gérard Chaliand. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2006. (translation first published by G. Allen and Unwin, London, 1940)
  • Runciman, Steven, The Fall of Constantinople, 1453, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Spencer, Lauren, Iran: a primary source cultural guide, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004.
  • Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie & Lapidge, Michael (eds.) Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 1, Cambridge: James Clarke and Co., 2000. ISBN 0-227-67931-8

External links


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