Lista de misións á Lúa: Diferenzas entre revisións
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Sen resumo de edición |
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'''Luna 2''' |
'''Luna 2''' |
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* Masa na Lúa: 390.2 kg |
* Masa na Lúa: 390.2 kg |
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* Localización: {{Coordenadas|29.1|N|0|W|globe:Moon|name=Luna 2}}, impactando xunto á terceira etapa do foguete, |
* Localización: {{Coordenadas|29.1|N|0|W|globe:Moon|name=Luna 2}}, impactando xunto á terceira etapa do foguete, no [[Palus Putredinis]] |
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'''Bloque E''' |
'''Bloque E''' |
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* Masa na Lúa: 9 100 kg |
* Masa na Lúa: 9 100 kg |
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* Localización: {{Coordenadas|29.1|N|0|W|globe:Moon|name=Bloque E (Luna 2)}}, impactando uns minutos despois da sonda, |
* Localización: {{Coordenadas|29.1|N|0|W|globe:Moon|name=Bloque E (Luna 2)}}, impactando uns minutos despois da sonda, no [[Palus Putredinis]] |
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| [[Luna 3]] <small>(E-2A No.1)</small><!--comprobar o nome contemporáneo--> |
| [[Luna 3]] <small>(E-2A No.1)</small><!--comprobar o nome contemporáneo--> |
Revisión como estaba o 17 de febreiro de 2021 ás 22:56
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Como parte da exploración humana da Lúa, emprendéronse numerosas misións espaciais para estudar o satélite da Terra. Canto ás aluaxes, Luna 2 da Unión Soviética foi a primeira nave espacial en alcanzar con éxito a súa superficie,[1] impactando intencionadamente na Lúa o 13 de setembro de 1959. En 1966, Luna 9 foi a primeira nave espacial en aluar controladamente de xeito lene,[2] mentres que Luna 10 foi a primeira misión en entrar órbita arredor da Lúa.
Entre 1968 e 1972 Estados Unidos levou a cabo misións tripuladas á Lúa como parte do programa Apollo. O Apollo 8 foi a primeira misión tripulada en entrar en órbita en decembro de 1968, seguida polo Apollo 10 en maio de 1969. Seis misións levaron o ser humano á superficie da Lúa, comezando polo Apollo 11 en xullo de 1969, durante a cal Neil Armstrong se converteu no primeiro ser humano en camiñar sobre a Lúa. O Apollo 13 tiña programado aluar, no entanto, a misión quedou limitada a un sobrevoo por mor dun defecto de funcionamento abordo da nave. As nove misións tripuladas regresaron a salvo á Terra.
Mentres os Estados Unidos se centraron nas misións tripuladas do programa Apollo, a Unión Soviética Union realizou misións non tripuladas despregando rovers que enviaron mostras á Terra. Lanzaron tres misións con rovers, das cales dúas tiveron éxito, e tentaron enviar de volta once voos con mostras, das cales tres tiveron éxito.
Realizaron misións á Lúas as seguintes nacións ou entidades (por orde cronolóxica): a Unión Soviética, os Estados Unidos de América, o Xapón, a Axencia Espacial Europea, a República Popular da China, a India, Luxemburgo e Israel. Ademais, cinco misións non dedicadas ó seu estudo visitaron a Lúa; catro naves espaciais pasaron ó seu carón para conseguir asistencia gravitacional e un radiotelescopio, a Explorer 49, situouse na órbita lunar co fin de utilizar a Lúa para bloquear as interferencias procedentes dos sinais de radio terrestres.
Misións por data
Nome | País | Data de lanzamento | Lugar de lanzamento | Foguete | Operador | Programa | Misión | Resultado |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pioneer 0 (Able I) [3] | Estados Unidos | 17 de agosto de 1958 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Thor DM-18 Able I [3] | USAF | Programa Pioneer | Orbital non tripulada | Fallo no lanzamento |
Esta sonda foi construída e lanzada pola USAF, converténdose no primeiro intento de lanzamento máis alá da órbita terrestre, primeiro intento de poñer un satélite artificial na Lúa, mediante un pequeno motor de combustible sólido que contiña a sonda espacial, a primeira do programa Pioneer e primeiro intento de misión lunar estadounidense. A sonda resultou destruída debido á explosión da primeira etapa do foguete, durante o seu lanzamento.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 16 km.[4] | ||||||||
Luna E-1 No.1 | Unión Soviética | 23 de setembro de 1958 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna 8K72 | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Impacto | Fallo no lanzamento |
Primeira misión do programa Luna, primeira de catro misións da serie E-1 e primeiro intento soviético de chegar á Lúa. Pouco despois do lanzamento, un fallo estrutural debido á vibración causada polas oscilacións de presión nos propulsores provocou a explosión do foguete.[3][5] | ||||||||
Pioneer 1 (Able II) [3] | Estados Unidos | 11 de outubro de 1958 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Thor DM-18 Able I [3] | NASA | Programa Pioneer | Orbital non tripulada | Fallo no lanzamento |
O deseño desta sonda era similar á Pioneer 0 e á Pioneer 2, tamén se converteu no voo con máis éxito destas tres misións, xa que recolleu importantes datos durante a súa breve misión, entre os seus descubrimentos destacados, desvelou que a radiación terrestre está formada por bandas e as medicións do campo magnético planetario que realizou. É primeira sonda espacial lanzada pola NASA mais non alcanzou a Lúa, como estaba previsto, debido a un erro de programación na terceira etapa do foguete que causou un lixeiro erro na velocidade e no ángulo, quedando nunha órbita parabólica ó redor da Terra, ata que finalmente caeu sobre o océano Pacífico un par de días despois.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 113 800 km.[6] | ||||||||
Luna E-1 No.2 | Unión Soviética | 11 de outubro de 1958 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna 8K72 | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Impacto | Fallo no lanzamento |
Primeiro intento de poñer un obxecto creado polo ser humano en chegar á superficie lunar. Tralo lanzamento o foguete comezou a vibrar, causando a desintegración e posterior explosión do mesmo, problema similar ó da sonda Luna E-1 Non.1.[3][5] | ||||||||
Pioneer 2 (Able III) | Estados Unidos | 8 de novembro de 1958 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Thor DM-18 Able I | NASA | Programa Pioneer | Orbital non tripulada | Fallo no lanzamento |
A primeira etapa do foguete funcionou á perfección, a segunda etapa do foguete interropmpeuse prematuramente a causa dunha orde errónea dos controladores, a terceira etapa non acendeu, impedindo que a sonda alcanzase a velocidade orbital, desintegrándose pouco despois na atmosfera terrestre sobre o continente africano.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 1 550 km.[7] | ||||||||
Luna E-1 No.3 | Unión Soviética | 4 de decembro de 1958 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna 8K72 | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Impacto | Fallo no lanzamento |
O fallo nunha bomba de peróxido de hidróxeno, debido a unha lubricación deficiente, provocou que os motores da primeira etapa do foguete se apagasen, causando a perda de potencia e o posterior impacto do foguete contra o chan.[3][5] | ||||||||
Pioneer 3 | Estados Unidos | 6 de decembro de 1958 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Juno II | NASA | Programa Pioneer | Sobrevoo non tripulado | Fallo no lanzamento |
Tralo lanzamento produciuse un fallo e a primeira etapa apagouse prematuramente, impedindo que a sonda alcanzase a velocidade adecuada para vencer a atracción da gravidade terrestre. Finalmente a sonda caeu e desintegrouse na atmosfera.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 102 360 km.[8] | ||||||||
Mechta (Luna 1, E-1 No.4) | Unión Soviética | 2 de xaneiro de 1959 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna 8K72 | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Impacto | Fallo no lanzamento |
Primeiro artefacto en alcanzar a velocidade de escape e ingresar en órbita solar, primeiro foguete en acender na órbita terrestre e primeira comunicación de telemetría desde a Terra cara o exterior, pode considerarse como o primeiro sobrevoo lunar con éxito, primeiro satélite artificial que (actualmente) xira entre as órbitas da Terra e Marte, xa que non impactou na lúa como estaba planeado, debido a un mal funcionamento do sistema de control en terra, finalmente tamén foi a primeira sonda espacial en alcanzar as inmediacións da Lúa e a primeira dunha longa serie de sondas soviéticas do programa Luna. Durante a súa misión esta sonda soltou unha nube de gas de sodio de cor laranxa, para poder seguir durante un tempo o seu rastro e ver o comportamento dun gas no baleiro, que foi visible case a primeira vista desde o océano Índico, esta sonda levaba un emblema en forma de esfera con inscricións soviéticas.[9] Un problema no guiado do foguete impediu o impacto contra a Lúa, pasou voando en órbita heliocéntica, máis tarde coñecida como Luna 1.[10] Achegamento máis próximo 5 995 km, o 4 de xaneiro.[11] | ||||||||
Pioneer 4 | Estados Unidos | 3 de marzo de 1959 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Juno II | NASA | Programa Pioneer | Sobrevoo non tripulado | Fallo parcial |
Primeira sonda estadounidense que logrou escapar da gravidade terrestre,[12] primeira sonda dos Estados Unidos en ingresar en órbita solar e primeiro sobrevoo lunar dos Estados Unidos, esta sonda espacial quedou finalmente en órbita arredor do Sol. A segunda etapa do foguete rendeu en exceso e provocou un sobrevoo a unha altitude maior da agardada, alcanzando 58 983 km de distancia.[10] Achegamento máis próximo ás 22:25 UT do 4 de marzo.[12] | ||||||||
Luna E-1A No.1 | Unión Soviética | 18 de xuño de 1959 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna 8K72 | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Impacto | Fallo no lanzamento |
O foguete sufriu un fallo no sistema de guiado, desviándoo da súa traxectoria.[10] | ||||||||
Luna 2 (E-1A No.2) | Unión Soviética | 12 de setembro de 1959 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna 8K72 | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Impacto | Éxito |
Primeira misión lunar que tivo éxito, primeira nave espacial en chegar á superficie lunar e primeira sonda humana que impactou na superficie da Lúa, durante esta misión descubríronse variacións temporais no fluxo de electróns e o espectro de enerxía no cinto de radiación de Van Allen. A sonda foi a primeira en deixar emblemas nacionais nun corpo celeste, xa que contiña dúas esferas con inscricións soviéticas, que se dispersaron en fragmentos ó impactar contra a Lúa.[9] Impacto ás 21:02 UT do 14 de setembro de 1959.[13]
Luna 2
Bloque E
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Luna 3 (E-2A No.1) | Unión Soviética | 4 de outubro de 1959 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna 8K72 | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Sobrevoo non tripulado | Éxito |
Primeiras fotografías da cara oculta da Lúa,[14] primeira nave en voar nunha traxectoria circunlunar, primeira nave en operar con enerxía solar, primeiro éxito dunha nave espacial de estabilización en tres eixos e utilización por primeira vez da manobra de asistencia gravitacional. Coas imaxes obtidas durante esta misión creouse o primeiro mapa da cara oculta da Lúa. | ||||||||
Pioneer P-3 Able IVB | Estados Unidos | 26 de novembro de 1959 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Atlas-D Able | NASA | Programa Pioneer | Orbital non tripulado | Fallo no lanzamento |
Fallou pouco despois do lanzamento,[15] desintegrouse o carenado debido a deficiencias de deseño, destruíndo o foguete e a sonda.[10] | ||||||||
Luna E-3 No.1 | Unión Soviética | 15 de abril de 1960 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Sobrevoo non tripulado | Fallo no lanzamento |
Fallo (perda de potencia) da terceira etapa do foguete, a sonda non puido escapar da gravidade da Terra, desintegrándose na atmósfera.[16] | ||||||||
Luna E-3 No.2 | Unión Soviética | 16 de abril de 1960 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Luna | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Sobrevoo non tripulado | Fallo no lanzamento |
O foguete desintegrouse poucos segundos despois do lanzamento.[16] | ||||||||
Pioneer P-30 (Able VA) | Estados Unidos | 25 de setembro de 1960 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Atlas-D Able | NASA | Programa Pioneer | Orbital non tripulado | Fallo no lanzamento |
Tralo lanzamento, durante a ignición da segunda etapa, un fallo no sistema de bombeo do comburente provocou a súa destrución.[16][17] | ||||||||
Pioneer P-31 (Able VB) | Estados Unidos | 15 de decembro de 1960 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Atlas-D Able | NASA | Programa Pioneer | Orbital non tripulado | Fallo no lanzamento |
Estourou pouco despois do lanzamento, a unha altitude de 12,2 km, a segunda etapa prendeu cando a primera etapa aínda estaba conectada e acendida.[16][18] | ||||||||
Ranger 3 (P-34) | Estados Unidos | 26 de xaneiro de 1962 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | NASA | Programa Ranger | Impacto | Fallo da sonda espacial |
Debido a un fallo na segunda etapa a sonda foi enviada a unha velocidade excesiva, nun intento de diminuír a velocidade efectuouse unha manobra, como resultado a sonda colleu nunha dirección errónea, pasou a 36 793 km da Lúa e ingresou finalmente nunha órbita heliocéntrica, malia todo fixéronse as primeiras medicións interplanetarias de fluxos de raios gamma.[19][20] | ||||||||
Ranger 4 (P-35) | Estados Unidos | 23 de abril de 1962 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | NASA | Programa Ranger | Impacto | Fallo da sonda espacial |
Defecto de funcionamento dos paneis solares, dez horas despois do lanzamento quedou sen enerxía, impactou na cara oculta da Lúa o 26 de abril mais non enviou ningún dato.[19][21] Primeira nave espacial estadounidense en alcanzar outro corpo celeste, primeira nave espacial estadounidense en alcanzar a superficie lunar e primeira nave espacial que impactou na cara oculta da Lúa.
Ranger 4
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Ranger 5 (P-36) | Estados Unidos | 18 de outubro de 1962 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | NASA | Programa Ranger | Impacto | Fallo da sonda espacial |
Os paneis solares desactiváronse por un fallo do sistema,[19] as baterías esgotáronse antes de completar a corrección do rumbo, a sonda non puido alcanzar a Lúa e ingresou nunha órbita heliocéntrica.[22] | ||||||||
Luna E-6 No.2 | Unión Soviética | 4 de xaneiro de 1963 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Molniya-L | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Módulo de descenso | Fallo no lanzamento |
Non conseguiu saír da órbita baixa terrestre,[23] un fallo do sistema impediu que prendera a etapa superior.[24] | ||||||||
Luna E-6 No.3 | Unión Soviética | 3 de febreiro de 1963 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Molniya-L | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Módulo de descenso | Fallo no lanzamento |
Debido a un fallo no xiroscopio o foguete perdeu o control e desintegrouse na atmosfera terrestre.[24] | ||||||||
Luna 4 (E-6 No.4) | Unión Soviética | 2 de abril de 1963 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Molniya-L | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Módulo de descenso | Fallo da sonda espacial |
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[24] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[25] | ||||||||
Ranger 6 (P-54) | Estados Unidos | 30 de xaneiro de 1964 | Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | NASA | Programa Ranger | Impacto | Fallo da sonda espacial |
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[26][27] | ||||||||
Luna E-6 No.6 | Unión Soviética | 21 de marzo de 1964 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Molniya-M | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Módulo de descenso | Launch failure |
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[26] | ||||||||
Luna E-6 No.5 | Unión Soviética | 20 de abril de 1964 | Cosmódromo de Baikonur | Molniya-M | OKB-1 | Programa Luna | Módulo de descenso | Fallo no lanzamento |
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[26] | ||||||||
Ranger 7 | 28 de xullo de 1964 | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | NASA | Impactor | Successful | |||
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[28] | ||||||||
Ranger 8 | 17 de febreiro de 1965 | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | NASA | Impactor | Successful | |||
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[29][30] | ||||||||
Kosmos 60 (E-6 No.9) | 12 de marzo de 1965 | Molniya-L | Lavochkin | Lander | Launch failure | |||
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[29] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[31] | ||||||||
Ranger 9 | 21 de marzo de 1965 | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B | NASA | Impactor | Successful | |||
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[29][32] | ||||||||
Luna E-6 No.8 | 10 de abril de 1965 | Molniya-L | Lavochkin | Lander | Launch failure | |||
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[29] | ||||||||
Luna 5 (E-6 No.10) | 9 de maio de 1965 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Lander | Spacecraft failure | |||
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[29] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[33] | ||||||||
Luna 6 (E-6 No.7) | 8 de xuño de 1965 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Lander | Spacecraft failure | |||
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[29] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[34] | ||||||||
Zond 3 (3MV-4 No.3) | 18 de xullo de 1965 | Molniya | Lavochkin | Flyby | Successful | |||
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9 200 kilometres (5 700 mi).[35] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[29] | ||||||||
Luna 7 (E-6 No.11) | 4 de outubro de 1965 | Molniya | Lavochkin | Lander | Spacecraft failure | |||
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[29][36] | ||||||||
Luna 8 (E-6 No.12) | 3 de decembro de 1965 | Molniya | Lavochkin | Lander | Spacecraft failure | |||
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[29] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[37] | ||||||||
Luna 9 (E-6 No.13) | 31 de xaneiro de 1966 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Lander | Successful | |||
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[38] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[39] | ||||||||
Kosmos 111 (E-6S No.204) | 1 de marzo de 1966 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Launch failure | |||
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[39] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[40] | ||||||||
Luna 10 (E-6S No.206) | 31 de marzo de 1966 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[41] Continued to return data until 30 May.[39] | ||||||||
Surveyor 1 | 30 de maio de 1966 | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | NASA | Lander | Successful | |||
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[39] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[42] | ||||||||
Explorer 33 (AIMP-D) | 1 de xullo de 1966 | Delta E1 | NASA | Orbiter | Launch failure | |||
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[39] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[43] | ||||||||
Lunar Orbiter 1 | 10 de agosto de 1966 | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | NASA | Orbiter | Partial failure | |||
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[44] | ||||||||
Luna 11 (E-6LF No.101) | 21 de agosto de 1966 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Partial failure | |||
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[39] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operations on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[45] | ||||||||
Surveyor 2 | 20 de setembro de 1966 | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | NASA | Lander | Spacecraft failure | |||
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre resulting in loss of control.[39] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[46] | ||||||||
Luna 12 (E-6LF No.102) | 22 de outubro de 1966 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[47] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[39] | ||||||||
Lunar Orbiter 2 | 6 de novembro de 1966 | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[48] | ||||||||
Luna 13 (E-6M No.205) | 21 de decembro de 1966 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Lander | Successful | |||
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[39] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[49] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[39] | ||||||||
Lunar Orbiter 3 | 5 de febreiro de 1967 | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[50] | ||||||||
Surveyor 3 | 17 de abril de 1967 | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | NASA | Lander | Successful | |||
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[51][52] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[53] | ||||||||
Lunar Orbiter 4 | 4 de maio de 1967 | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[51][54] | ||||||||
Surveyor 4 | 14 de xullo de 1967 | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D | NASA | Lander | Spacecraft failure | |||
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[51] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[55] | ||||||||
Explorer 35 (AIMP-E) | 19 de xullo de 1967 | Delta E1 | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[56] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[Cómpre referencia] | ||||||||
Lunar Orbiter 5 | 1 de agosto de 1967 | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57] | ||||||||
Surveyor 5 | 8 de setembro de 1967 | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D | NASA | Lander | Successful | |||
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58] | ||||||||
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L | 27 de setembro de 1967 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby | Launch failure | |||
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[51] | ||||||||
Surveyor 6 | 7 de novembro de 1967 | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D | NASA | Lander | Successful | |||
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[51] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2,4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59] | ||||||||
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L | 22 de novembro de 1967 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby | Launch failure | |||
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[51] | ||||||||
Surveyor 7 | 7 de xaneiro de 1968 | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D | NASA | Lander | Successful | |||
Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61] | ||||||||
Luna E-6LS No.112 | 7 de febreiro de 1968 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Launch failure | |||
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61] | ||||||||
Luna 14 (E-6LS No.113) | 7 de abril de 1968 | Molniya-M | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62] | ||||||||
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L | 22 de abril de 1968 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby | Launch failure | |||
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61] | ||||||||
Zond 5 (7K-L1 No.9L) | 14 de setembro de 1968 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby, circled | Successful | |||
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1 950 kilometres (1 210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[63] | ||||||||
Zond 6 (7K-L1 No.12L) | 10 de novembro de 1968 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby | Spacecraft failure | |||
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Flyby occurred on 14 November, with a closest approach of 2 420 kilometres (1 500 mi).[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; however, recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61] | ||||||||
Apollo 8 | 21 de decembro de 1968 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter | Successful | |||
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65] | ||||||||
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L | 20 de xaneiro de 1969 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby | Launch failure | |||
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66] | ||||||||
Luna E-8 No.201 | 19 de febreiro de 1969 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Lander/rover | Launch failure | |||
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[66] | ||||||||
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 | 21 de febreiro de 1969 | N1 | OKB-1 | Orbiter | Launch failure | |||
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[66] | ||||||||
Apollo 10 | 18 de maio de 1969 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter | Successful | |||
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14,326 kilometres (8,902 mi) above the lunar surface.[67] | ||||||||
Luna E-8-5 No.402 | 14 de xuño de 1969 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Launch failure | |||
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66] | ||||||||
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 | 3 de xullo de 1969 | N1 | OKB-1 | Orbiter | Launch failure | |||
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1,2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[66] | ||||||||
Luna 15 (E-8-5 No.401) | 13 de xullo de 1969 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Spacecraft failure | |||
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[66] | ||||||||
Apollo 11 | 16 de xullo de 1969 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter/lander | Successful | |||
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969. | ||||||||
Zond 7 (7K-L1 No.11L) | 7 de agosto de 1969 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby | Successful | |||
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1 200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[66] | ||||||||
Kosmos 300 (E-8-5 No.403) | 23 de setembro de 1969 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Launch failure | |||
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[66] | ||||||||
Kosmos 305 (E-8-5 No.404) | 22 de outubro de 1969 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Launch failure | |||
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[66] | ||||||||
Apollo 12 | 14 de novembro de 1969 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter/lander | Successful | |||
Second crewed lunar landing. | ||||||||
Luna E-8-5 No.405 | 6 de febreiro de 1970 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Launch failure | |||
Failed to orbit. | ||||||||
Apollo 13 | 11 de abril de 1970 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter/lander | Spacecraft failure | |||
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth. | ||||||||
Luna 16 (E-8-5 No.406) | 12 de setembro de 1970 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Successful | |||
Zond 8 (7K-L1 No.14L) | 20 de outubro de 1970 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Flyby | Successful | |||
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully. | ||||||||
Luna 17 (E-8 No.203) | 10 de novembro de 1970 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Lander/rover | Successful | |||
Deployed Lunokhod 1. | ||||||||
Apollo 14 | 31 de xaneiro de 1971 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter/lander | Successful | |||
Third crewed lunar landing. | ||||||||
Apollo 15 | 26 de xullo de 1971 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter/lander/rover | Successful | |||
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle. | ||||||||
PFS-1 | 26 de xullo de 1971 | Saturn V | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Deployed from Apollo 15. | ||||||||
Luna 18 (E-8-5 No.407) | 2 de setembro de 1971 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Spacecraft failure | |||
Failed during descent to lunar surface. | ||||||||
Luna 19 (E-8LS No.202) | 28 de setembro de 1971 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Luna 20 (E-8-5 No.408) | 14 de febreiro de 1972 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Successful | |||
Apollo 16 | 16 de abril de 1972 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter/lander/rover | Successful | |||
Fifth crewed lunar landing. | ||||||||
PFS-2 | 16 de abril de 1972 | Saturn V | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Deployed from Apollo 16. | ||||||||
Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 | 3 de xullo de 1972 | N1 | OKB-1 | Orbiter | Launch failure | |||
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. | ||||||||
Apollo 17 | 7 de decembro de 1972 | Saturn V | NASA | Crewed orbiter/lander/rover | Successful | |||
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice. | ||||||||
Luna 21 (E-8 No.204) | 8 de xaneiro de 1973 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Lander/rover | Successful | |||
Deployed Lunokhod 2. | ||||||||
Explorer 49 (RAE-B) | 10 de xuño de 1973 | Delta 1913 | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources. | ||||||||
Mariner 10 (RAE-B) | 3 de novembro de 1973 | Delta 1913 | NASA | Flyby | Successful | |||
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras. | ||||||||
Luna 22 (E-8LS No.206) | 29 de maio de 1974 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Luna 23 (E-8-5M No.410) | 28 de outubro de 1974 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Partial success | |||
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface. | ||||||||
Luna E-8-5M No.412 | 16 de outubro de 1975 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Launch failure | |||
Failed to orbit. | ||||||||
Luna 24 (E-8-5M No.413) | 9 de agosto de 1976 | Proton-K/D | Lavochkin | Sample return | Successful | |||
Final mission of the Luna programme. Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96 1⁄2 hours later.[68] Returned 170,1 grams (6,00 oz) of lunar regolith.[69] | ||||||||
ISEE-3 (ICE/Explorer 59) | 12 de agosto de 1978 | Delta 2914 | NASA | Gravity assist | Successful | |||
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner. | ||||||||
Hiten (MUSES-A) | 24 de xaneiro de 1990 | Mu-3S-II | ISAS | Flyby/Orbiter | Successful | |||
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[70] | ||||||||
Hagoromo | 24 de xaneiro de 1990 | Mu-3S-II | ISAS | Orbiter | Spacecraft failure | |||
Deployed from Hiten. Communications failure; entered selenocentric orbit but returned no data. | ||||||||
Geotail | 24 de xullo de 1992 | Delta II 6925 | ISAS/NASA | Gravity assist | Successful | |||
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit. | ||||||||
WIND | 1 de novembro de 1994 | Delta II 7925-10 | NASA | Gravity assist | Successful | |||
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point. | ||||||||
Clementine (DSPSE) | 25 de xaneiro de 1994 | Titan II (23)G Star-37FM | USAF/NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit. | ||||||||
HGS-1 | 24 de decembro de 1997 | Proton-K/DM3 | Hughes | Gravity assist | — | |||
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit. | ||||||||
Lunar Prospector (Discovery 3) | 7 de xaneiro de 1998 | Athena II | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Nozomi (PLANET-B) | 3 de xullo de 1998 | M-V | ISAS | Gravity assist | Spacecraft failure | |||
Two flybys en route to Mars. | ||||||||
WMAP | 30 de xuño de 2001 | Delta II 7425-10 | NASA | Gravity assist | Successful | |||
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point. | ||||||||
SMART-1 | 27 de setembro de 2003 | Ariane 5G | ESA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Impacted moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. | ||||||||
STEREO | 25 de outubro de 2006 | Delta II 7925-10L | NASA | Gravity assist | Successful | |||
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006. | ||||||||
ARTEMIS | 17 de febreiro de 2007 | Delta II 7925 | NASA | Orbiter | Operativa | |||
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011. | ||||||||
SELENE (Kaguya) | 14 de setembro de 2007 | H-IIA 2022 | JAXA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[71] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[72] but remains in selenocentric orbit. | ||||||||
Chang'e 1 | 24 de outubro de 2007 | Long March 3A | CNSA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. | ||||||||
Chandrayaan-1 | 22 de outubro de 2008 | PSLV-XL | ISRO | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Succeeded through mission. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[73] Moon Impact Probe made successfully impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ30 on 14 November 2008. | ||||||||
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter | 18 de xuño de 2009 | Atlas V 401 | NASA | Orbiter | Operativo | |||
LCROSS | 18 de xuño de 2009 | Atlas V 401 | NASA | Impactor | Successful | |||
Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30. | ||||||||
Chang'e 2 | 1 de outubro de 2010 | Long March 3C | CNSA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[74] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis.[75] | ||||||||
Ebb (GRAIL-A) | 10 de setembro de 2011[76][77] | Delta II 7920H | NASA | Orbiter[78] | Successful | |||
Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[78] impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79] | ||||||||
Flow (GRAIL-B) | 10 de setembro de 2011[76][77] | Delta II 7920H | NASA | Orbiter[78] | Successful | |||
Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[78] impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79] | ||||||||
LADEE | 7 de setembro de 2013 | Minotaur V | NASA | Orbiter | Successful | |||
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon. | ||||||||
Chang'e 3 | 1 de decembro de 2013 | Long March 3B | CNSA | Módulo de descenso | Operativa | |||
Yutu | Rover | Mostly successful | ||||||
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. | ||||||||
Chang'e 5-T1 | 23 de outubro de 2014 | Long March 3C | CNSA | Flyby | Operativa | |||
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity. | ||||||||
Manfred Memorial Moon Mission | 23 de outubro de 2014 | Long March 3C | LuxSpace | Flyby | Successful | |||
Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. | ||||||||
TESS | 18 de abril de 2018 | Falcon 9 Full Thrust | NASA | Gravity assist | Successful | |||
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[80] | ||||||||
Chang'e 4 | 7 de decembro de 2018 | Long March 3B | CNSA | Lander/rover | Operativa | |||
Queqiao | Gravity assist / Modelo:L2 orbit | Operativa | ||||||
Longjiang | Orbiter | Partial failure | ||||||
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[81][82] | ||||||||
Beresheet | 22 de febreiro de 2019 | Falcon 9 | SpaceIL | Lander | Spacecraft landing failure | |||
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[83][84] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[85] | ||||||||
Chandrayaan-2 | 22 de xullo de 2019 | GSLV Mk III | ISRO | Orbiter | Operativa | |||
Vikram | Módulo de descenso | Lander failure | ||||||
Pragyan | Rover | Lander failure | ||||||
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Orbiter remained operational.[86][87][88] | ||||||||
Chang'e 5 | 23 November 2020 | Long March 5 | CNSA | Lander/sample return | Successful | |||
First lunar sample return mission from China. |
Vindeiras misións
There are several future lunar missions scheduled or proposed by various nations or organisations.
Con financiamento e en desenvolvemento
Robotizadas
Country | Agency or company | Name | Launch due | Launch vehicle | Nature of mission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | NASA | CAPSTONE | Q2 2021[89] | Electron | Orbiter, technology demonstrator.[90] |
USA | Rocket Lab | Photon | Q2 2021 | Electron | Gravity assist to interplanetary space, technology demonstrator, photography.[91] |
USA | Astrobotic Technology | Mission One | Q4 2021[92][93] | Vulcan Centaur | Private technology demonstrators: Peregrine lander and other rovers: Andy, Unity; delivery of payloads for NASA's CLPS program; carrying on board the seven rovers: Andy and Iris of Carnegie Mellon University; the Spacebit Mission One of Spacebit; Unity of Team AngelicvM; Yaoki of Dymon; Colmenla of UNAM; Team Puli of Puli Space Technologies. |
United Kingdom | Spacebit | Spacebit Mission One[94] | 2021[95] | Vulcan Centaur[96] | To be launched on board the Peregrine lander as a rideshare;[97] explore lunar caves use spider-like Moon rovers[98] |
Mexico | UNAM | Colmena | 2021 | Vulcan Centaur | A microrover going to be launched on Peregrine lander as a rideshare payload. |
USA | Intuitive Machines | Nova-C | October 2021[99] | Falcon 9 | Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers. |
Russia | Roscosmos | Luna 25 | October 2021[100] | Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat-M | Lander will explore natural resources, part of Luna-Glob programme. |
USA | NASA, ESA and CubeSat providers | Artemis 1 | November 2021[101] | SLS Block 1 | Primary: uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby; secondary: 13 CubeSats[102][103] |
India | ISRO | Chandrayaan-3 | 2021[104][105] | GSLV Mk III | India's second attempt to soft land on the Moon. |
Germany | PTScientists | ALINA[106] | 2021 [107] | Ariane 6 | Private technology demonstration of lander and rover[108] |
USA | Xplore | TBD | 2022[109] | Xcraft[110] | An orbiter[109] |
Japan | JAXA | SLIM[111] | January 2022[112] | H-IIA 202 | Pinpoint landing, roving[113][114][115] |
South Korea | KARI | Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) | August 2022[116] | Falcon 9 | Orbiter, technology demonstrator. |
USA | Intuitive Machines | Nova-C 2 | 2022[117] | Falcon 9 | Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS. |
USA | Masten Space Systems | XL-1 | December 2022 | Falcon 9 | Lunar Lander, technology demonstrator, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to the lunar south pole.[118] |
USA | ispace and Draper Lab | Artemis-7 lander | 2022[119][120][121] | Falcon 9 | Lander technology demonstration |
USA | Firefly Aerospace | Blue Ghost | Mid 2023 | Modelo:TBA | Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[122][123] |
USA | NASA | VIPER rover | November 2023[124][125] | Modelo:TBA | Will prospect for lunar resources in the south pole region, especially for water ice. |
Australia | Fleet space, OZ Minerals, University of Adelaide, UNSW, Unearthed, Tyvak and Fugro | Australia Lunar Exploration Mission[126][127] | 2023 | TBD | nanosatellites for the Artemis program |
USA | ispace and Draper Lab | Hakuto-R rover | 2023[128][129] | Falcon 9 | Rover technology demonstration |
Turkey | Turkish Space Agency | TBD | 2023[130][131] | TBD | Hard landing |
USA | Momentus Space | Ardoride | 2023 or 2024[133] | Modelo:TBA | Orbiter, rideshare mission carrying 50 kg payload for Canadensys along with others |
Japan | JAXA | DESTINY+ | 2023 or 2024[134] | Epsilon | Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon |
China | CNSA | Chang'e 6 | 2023 or 2024[135] | Long March 5 | Sample-return from the lunar south pole |
China | CNSA | Chang'e 7 | 2024 [136] | Long March 5 | South pole lander, rover and flying probe [137] |
Russia | Roscosmos | Luna 26 | 2024[100] | Soyuz-2 | Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[138] |
Canada | Canadensys Aerospace Cooperation and NGC Aerospace | Light weight camera and planetary navigation system | 2024 | TBD | Two separate spacecraft for the Canadian Space Agencys LEAP program |
USA | Blue Origin | Blue Moon | 2024[139] | Modelo:TBA | Lander |
UAE | UAE Space Agency | Rashid | 2024[140] | TBA | Lunar Rover |
Russia | Roscosmos | Luna 27 | 2025[100] | Soyuz[141] | Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme. |
UK | TCT Aerospace | MoonPIE | 2025 | TBD | Lunar sample return |
Turkey | Turkish Space Agency | TBD | 2028[142][143] | TBD | Lunar lander |
Tripuladas
Country | Agency or company | Name | Launch due | Launch vehicle | Nature of mission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA/ CAN | NASA | Artemis 2 | August 2023 | SLS Block 1 | Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon. |
USA | SpaceX | #dearMoon project | 2023[144] | Starship | Space tourism and art project; free-return trajectory and Earth re-entry of the Starship. |
USA | NASA | Artemis 3 | 2024[145] | SLS Block 1 | Deliver "first woman and next man" on the Moon. |
Russia | Roscosmos | Orel spacecraft | 2025[146] | Soyuz-5 | Crewed lunar orbit |
Propostas pero pendentes de financiamento
Robotizadas
The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed:
Country | Name | Proposed launch | Nature of mission | Agency or company |
---|---|---|---|---|
Private (Europe) | Lunar Pathfinder | 2022—2023 | Commercial telecom orbiter, with support from ESA[147][148] | Surrey Satellite Technology |
Brazil | Garatéa-L | 2022 | Orbiter | Airvantis |
USA | Planetoid Mines | 2023 | Lunar Mining in South Pole and PSR craters. | Planetoid Mines |
Israel | Beresheet 2 | 2024 | One orbiter and two landers | SpaceIL |
South Korea | Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program | 2025 | a lander and a rover | KARI |
South Africa | #AfricaToMoon | 2030 | Orbiter or a Lunar Rover and Lander | SANSA |
India Japan |
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission | 2024 | Lander and rover, part of the Chandrayaan programme; a proposal under study.[149] | ISRO |
USA | ISOCHRON | 2025 | Lunar sample-return | NASA |
USA | moon diver | 2025 | Lander and rover | NASA |
China | Chang'e 8 | 2026 | South pole lander[137] | CNSA |
USA | MoonRise | May compete in New Frontiers program NF5 selection in the late 2020s[150] | Sample return from South Pole–Aitken basin[151] | NASA |
Europe Japan Canada |
HERACLES | 2027[152] | Robotic lander system with rover; sample-return. | ESA, JAXA and CSA |
Russia | Luna 28 and Luna 29 | 2027–2028[100] | Technology development for prospecting water and other natural resources needed for a future lunar base; part of Luna-Glob program. | Roscosmos |
USA | BOLAS | TBD | 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[153] | NASA |
USA | Lunar Crater Radio Telescope | TBD | Radio telescope made by 4 rovers | NASA |
Europe | TRACTOR | ? | Two Moon rovers for the Artemis program | ESA |
Tripuladas
Country | Agency or company |
Name | Proposed launch date |
Nature of proposed mission |
---|---|---|---|---|
China | CNSA | CLEP | 2030s | Crewed lunar landing[154][155] |
Japan | JAXA | 2030s[156] | Crewed lunar landing[156][157] | |
USA | NASA | Artemis |
2024 onwards | Crewed lunar landing |
Russia | Roscosmos | Luna-Glob | 2030s[158] | Crewed lunar orbiter and landing[158][159] |
Canceladas ou aprazadas indefinitamente
Country | Name | Suggested launch year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Japan | Lunar-A | 2004 | Integrated into Russia's Luna-Glob 1 mission[160] |
Germany | LEO | 2012 | Mission postponed indefinitely due to budgetary constraints[161] |
UK | MoonLITE | 2014 | Orbiter[162][163] |
USA | Constellation program | 2020 | Canceled by Obama Administration; efforts routed to the Orion spacecraft.[164] |
Europe | Lunar Lander[165][166] | 2018 | Canceled in 2012 |
USA, Space Adventures (Private) | DSE-Alpha | 2018[167] | Mission to transport the first space tourists to fly around the Moon using Soyuz; proposed by Space Adventures (2005).[168][169][170] |
Private (UK) | Lunar Mission One[171][172] | 2024[173] | Lander. Canceled due to tax issues on money obtained from crowdsourcing. |
USA | Resource Prospector | 2020s[174] | Rover for in-situ resource utilization demonstration, canceled in 2018,[175] but its scientific instruments will be flown on several future commercial landers,[176][177] as part of the Commercial Lunar Payload Services. |
Japan | SELENE-2 | 2020s[178] | Orbiter, lander and rover.[179] Canceled in March 2015.[180] |
Notas
- Tódalas referencias en inglés agás cando se indique o contrario
- ↑ "Why failure is the fuel for a trip to Moon".
- ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report".
- ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1958" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. NASA History Office. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. pp. 17–19.
- ↑ "Pioneer 0". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 14-02-2021.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Wade, Mark. "Luna E-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 22-12-2010. Consultado o 14-02-2021.
- ↑ "Pioneer 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013.
- ↑ "Pioneer 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013.
- ↑ "Pioneer 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 García Sagario, Gabriel (10-02-2010). "Emblemas Espaciales Soviéticos". Zemiorka (blog) (en castelán). Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1959" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. NASA History Office. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. pp. 21–24. Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021.
- ↑ "Luna 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 "Pioneer 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021.
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... 2020年度に国際プロジェクトとして打ち上げ予定のX線天文衛星代替機を搭載した国産ロケット「H2A」に月面着陸機「SLIM(スリム)」を相乗りさせる計画を示した。 ...'
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the ... Russian space program cut a deal with Florida-based Space Adventures to send two tourists and a professional cosmonaut on a flyby mission around the Moon. The major hardware for the mission already exists; all that's needed now is to find two people willing and able to pony up $100 million each to pay for it.
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