Lista de misións á Lúa: Diferenzas entre revisións

Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.
Contido eliminado Contido engadido
Dodro (conversa | contribucións)
Sen resumo de edición
Dodro (conversa | contribucións)
Sen resumo de edición
Liña 140: Liña 140:
| [[Cosmódromo de Baikonur]]
| [[Cosmódromo de Baikonur]]
| [[Luna (foguete)|Luna 8K72]]
| [[Luna (foguete)|Luna 8K72]]
| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[OKB-1]]
| [[OKB-1]]
| Impacto
| Impacto
| {{si|{{hs|4}}Éxito}}
| {{si|{{hs|4}}Éxito}}
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Primeira misión lunar que tivo éxito, primeira nave espacial en chegar á superficie lunar e primeira sonda humana que impactou na superficie da Lúa, durante esta misión descubríronse variacións temporais no fluxo de electróns e o espectro de enerxía no [[Cinto de Van Allen|cinto de radiación de Van Allen]]. A sonda foi a primeira en deixar emblemas nacionais nun corpo celeste, xa que contiña dúas esferas con inscricións soviéticas, que se dispersaron en fragmentos ó impactar contra a Lúa.<ref name="zemiorka" /> Impacto ás 21:02 UT do 14 de setembro de 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A|title=Luna 2|publisher=US National Space Science Data Center|access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
| colspan=9 | Primeira misión lunar que tivo éxito, primeira nave espacial en chegar á superficie lunar e primeira sonda humana que impactou na superficie da Lúa, durante esta misión descubríronse variacións temporais no fluxo de electróns e o espectro de enerxía no [[Cinto de Van Allen|cinto de radiación de Van Allen]]. A sonda foi a primeira en deixar emblemas nacionais nun corpo celeste, xa que contiña dúas esferas con inscricións soviéticas, que se dispersaron en fragmentos ó impactar contra a Lúa.<ref name="zemiorka" /> Impacto ás 21:02 UT do 14 de setembro de 1959.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A |título=Luna 2 |editorial=US National Space Science Data Center |dataacceso=15 febreiro de 2021}}</ref>
'''Luna 2'''

* Masa na Lúa: 390.2&nbsp;kg
* Localización: {{Coordenadas|29.1|-0|globe:Moon|name=Luna 2}}, impactando xunto á terceira etapa do foguete, ó leste do [[mare Serenitatis]]

'''Bloque E'''

* Masa na Lúa: 9&nbsp;100&nbsp;kg
* Localización: {{Coordenadas|29.1|-0|globe:Moon|name=Bloque E (Luna 2)}}, impactando uns minutos despois da sonda, ao leste do [[mare Serenitatis]]
|-
|-
| [[Luna 3]] <small>(E-2A No.1)</small><!--check contemporary name-->
| [[Luna 3]] <small>(E-2A No.1)</small><!--check contemporary name-->

Revisión como estaba o 15 de febreiro de 2021 ás 22:34

Unha réplica de Luna 9, a primeira nave espacial en pousarse na superficie da Lúa.
A primeira imaxe tomada da cara oculta da Lúa, enviada por Luna 3.

Como parte da exploración humana da Lúa, emprendéronse numerosas misións espaciais para estudar o satélite da Terra. Canto ás aluaxes, Luna 2 da Unión Soviética foi a primeira nave espacial en alcanzar con éxito a súa superficie,[1] impactando intencionadamente na Lúa o 13 de setembro de 1959. En 1966, Luna 9 foi a primeira nave espacial en aluar controladamente de xeito lene,[2] mentres que Luna 10 foi a primeira misión en entrar órbita arredor da Lúa.

Entre 1968 e 1972 Estados Unidos levou a cabo misións tripuladas á Lúa como parte do programa Apollo. O Apollo 8 foi a primeira misión tripulada en entrar en órbita en decembro de 1968, seguida polo Apollo 10 en maio de 1969. Seis misións levaron o ser humano á superficie da Lúa, comezando polo Apollo 11 en xullo de 1969, durante a cal Neil Armstrong se converteu no primeiro ser humano en camiñar sobre a Lúa. O Apollo 13 tiña programado aluar, no entanto, a misión quedou limitada a un sobrevoo por mor dun defecto de funcionamento abordo da nave. As nove misións tripuladas regresaron a salvo á Terra.

Mentres os Estados Unidos se centraron nas misións tripuladas do programa Apollo, a Unión Soviética Union realizou misións non tripuladas despregando rovers que enviaron mostras á Terra. Lanzaron tres misións con rovers, das cales dúas tiveron éxito, e tentaron enviar de volta once voos con mostras, das cales tres tiveron éxito.

Realizaron misións á Lúas as seguintes nacións ou entidades (por orde cronolóxica): a Unión Soviética, os Estados Unidos de América, o Xapón, a Axencia Espacial Europea, a República Popular da China, a India, Luxemburgo e Israel. Ademais, cinco misións non dedicadas ó seu estudo visitaron a Lúa; catro naves espaciais pasaron ó seu carón para conseguir asistencia gravitacional e un radiotelescopio, a Explorer 49, situouse na órbita lunar co fin de utilizar a Lúa para bloquear as interferencias procedentes dos sinais de radio terrestres.

Misións por data

Mapa das aluaxes controladas.
Nome País Data de lanzamento Lugar de lanzamento Foguete Operador Misión Resultado
Pioneer 0 (Able I) [3] Estados Unidos de América Estados Unidos 01958-08-17 17 de agosto de 1958 Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral Thor DM-18 Able I [3] USAF Orbital non tripulada Fallo no lanzamento
Esta sonda foi construída e lanzada pola USAF, converténdose no primeiro intento de lanzamento máis alá da órbita terrestre, primeiro intento de poñer un satélite artificial na Lúa, mediante un pequeno motor de combustible sólido que contiña a sonda espacial, a primeira do programa Pioneer e primeiro intento de misión lunar estadounidense. A sonda resultou destruída debido á explosión da primeira etapa do foguete, durante o seu lanzamento.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 16 km.[4]
Luna E-1 No.1 Unión Soviética Unión Soviética 01958-09-23 23 de setembro de 1958 Cosmódromo de Baikonur Luna 8K72 OKB-1 Impacto Fallo no lanzamento
Primeira misión do programa Luna, primeira de catro misións da serie E-1 e primeiro intento soviético de chegar á Lúa. Pouco despois do lanzamento, un fallo estrutural debido á vibración causada polas oscilacións de presión nos propulsores provocou a explosión do foguete.[3][5]
Pioneer 1 (Able II) [3] Estados Unidos de América Estados Unidos 01958-10-11 11 de outubro de 1958 Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral Thor DM-18 Able I [3] NASA Orbital non tripulada Fallo no lanzamento
O deseño desta sonda era similar á Pioneer 0 e á Pioneer 2, tamén se converteu no voo con máis éxito destas tres misións, xa que recolleu importantes datos durante a súa breve misión, entre os seus descubrimentos destacados, desvelou que a radiación terrestre está formada por bandas e as medicións do campo magnético planetario que realizou. É primeira sonda espacial lanzada pola NASA mais non alcanzou a Lúa, como estaba previsto, debido a un erro de programación na terceira etapa do foguete que causou un lixeiro erro na velocidade e no ángulo, quedando nunha órbita parabólica ó redor da Terra, ata que finalmente caeu sobre o océano Pacífico un par de días despois.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 113 800 km.[6]
Luna E-1 No.2 Unión Soviética Unión Soviética 01958-10-11 11 de outubro de 1958 Cosmódromo de Baikonur Luna 8K72 OKB-1 Impacto Fallo no lanzamento
Primeiro intento de poñer un obxecto creado polo ser humano en chegar á superficie lunar. Tralo lanzamento o foguete comezou a vibrar, causando a desintegración e posterior explosión do mesmo, problema similar ó da sonda Luna E-1 Non.1.[3][5]
Pioneer 2 (Able III) Estados Unidos de América Estados Unidos 01958-11-08 8 de novembro de 1958 Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral Thor DM-18 Able I NASA Orbital non tripulada Fallo no lanzamento
A primeira etapa do foguete funcionou á perfección, a segunda etapa do foguete interropmpeuse prematuramente a causa dunha orde errónea dos controladores, a terceira etapa non acendeu, impedindo que a sonda alcanzase a velocidade orbital, desintegrándose pouco despois na atmosfera terrestre sobre o continente africano.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 1 550 km.[7]
Luna E-1 No.3 Unión Soviética Unión Soviética 01958-12-04 4 de decembro de 1958 Cosmódromo de Baikonur Luna 8K72 OKB-1 Impacto Fallo no lanzamento
O fallo nunha bomba de peróxido de hidróxeno, debido a unha lubricación deficiente, provocou que os motores da primeira etapa do foguete se apagasen, causando a perda de potencia e o posterior impacto do foguete contra o chan.[3][5]
Pioneer 3 Estados Unidos de América Estados Unidos 01958-12-06 6 de decembro de 1958 Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral Juno II NASA Sobrevoo non tripulado Fallo no lanzamento
Tralo lanzamento produciuse un fallo e a primeira etapa apagouse prematuramente, impedindo que a sonda alcanzase a velocidade adecuada para vencer a atracción da gravidade terrestre. Finalmente a sonda caeu e desintegrouse na atmosfera.[3] Alcanzou un apoxeo de 102 360 km.[8]
Mechta (Luna 1, E-1 No.4) Unión Soviética Unión Soviética 01959-01-02 2 de xaneiro de 1959 Cosmódromo de Baikonur Luna 8K72 OKB-1 Impacto Fallo no lanzamento
Primeiro artefacto en alcanzar a velocidade de escape e ingresar en órbita solar, primeiro foguete en acender na órbita terrestre e primeira comunicación de telemetría desde a Terra cara o exterior, pode considerarse como o primeiro sobrevoo lunar con éxito, primeiro satélite artificial que (actualmente) xira entre as órbitas da Terra e Marte, xa que non impactou na lúa como estaba planeado, debido a un mal funcionamento do sistema de control en terra, finalmente tamén foi a primeira sonda espacial en alcanzar as inmediacións da Lúa e a primeira dunha longa serie de sondas soviéticas do programa Luna. Durante a súa misión esta sonda soltou unha nube de gas de sodio de cor laranxa, para poder seguir durante un tempo o seu rastro e ver o comportamento dun gas no baleiro, que foi visible case a primeira vista desde o océano Índico, esta sonda levaba un emblema en forma de esfera con inscricións soviéticas.[9] Un problema no guiado do foguete impediu o impacto contra a Lúa, pasou voando en órbita heliocéntica, máis tarde coñecida como Luna 1.[10] Achegamento máis próximo 5 995 km, o 4 de xaneiro.[11]
Pioneer 4 Estados Unidos de América Estados Unidos 01959-03-03 3 de marzo de 1959 Estación da Forza Aérea de Cabo Cañaveral Juno II NASA Sobrevoo non tripulado Fallo parcial
Primeira sonda estadounidense que logrou escapar da gravidade terrestre,[12] primeira sonda dos Estados Unidos en ingresar en órbita solar e primeiro sobrevoo lunar dos Estados Unidos, esta sonda espacial quedou finalmente en órbita arredor do Sol. A segunda etapa do foguete rendeu en exceso e provocou un sobrevoo a unha altitude maior da agardada, alcanzando 58 983 km de distancia.[10] Achegamento máis próximo ás 22:25 UT do 4 de marzo.[12]
Luna E-1A No.1 Unión Soviética Unión Soviética 01959-06-18 18 de xuño de 1959 Cosmódromo de Baikonur Luna 8K72 OKB-1 Impacto Fallo no lanzamento
O foguete sufriu un fallo no sistema de guiado, desviándoo da súa traxectoria.[10]
Luna 2 (E-1A No.2) Unión Soviética Unión Soviética 01959-09-12 12 de setembro de 1959 Cosmódromo de Baikonur Luna 8K72 OKB-1 Impacto Éxito
Primeira misión lunar que tivo éxito, primeira nave espacial en chegar á superficie lunar e primeira sonda humana que impactou na superficie da Lúa, durante esta misión descubríronse variacións temporais no fluxo de electróns e o espectro de enerxía no cinto de radiación de Van Allen. A sonda foi a primeira en deixar emblemas nacionais nun corpo celeste, xa que contiña dúas esferas con inscricións soviéticas, que se dispersaron en fragmentos ó impactar contra a Lúa.[9] Impacto ás 21:02 UT do 14 de setembro de 1959.[13]

Luna 2

Bloque E

Luna 3 (E-2A No.1) 01959-10-04 4 de outubro de 1959 Luna Unión Soviética OKB-1 Sobrevoo non tripulado Éxito
Returned first images of the far side of the Moon.[14]
Pioneer P-3 Able IVB 01959-11-26 26 de novembro de 1959 Atlas-D Able Estados Unidos NASA Orbital non tripulado Fallo no lanzamento
Failed to orbit;[15] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[10]
Luna E-3 No.1 01960-04-15 15 de abril de 1960 Luna Unión Soviética OKB-1 Sobrevoo non tripulado Fallo no lanzamento
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[16]
Luna E-3 No.2 01960-04-16 16 de abril de 1960 Luna Unión Soviética OKB-1 Sobrevoo non tripulado Fallo no lanzamento
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[16]
Pioneer P-30 (Able VA) 01960-09-25 25 de setembro de 1960 Atlas-D Able Estados Unidos NASA Orbital non tripulado Fallo no lanzamento
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidiser system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[17][16]
Pioneer P-31 (Able VB) 01960-12-15 15 de decembro de 1960 Atlas-D Able Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12,2 kilometres (7,6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[18][16]
Ranger 3 (P-34) 01962-01-26 26 de xaneiro de 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36 793 kilometres (22 862 mi).[19][20]
Ranger 4 (P-35) 01962-04-23 23 de abril de 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April.[19][21]
Ranger 5 (P-36) 01962-10-18 18 de outubro de 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8 34 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[19] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[22]
Luna E-6 No.2 01963-01-04 4 de xaneiro de 1963 Molniya-L Unión Soviética OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[23] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[24]
Luna E-6 No.3 01963-02-03 3 de febreiro de 1963 Molniya-L Unión Soviética OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[24]
Luna 4 (E-6 No.4) 01963-04-02 2 de abril de 1963 Molniya-L Unión Soviética OKB-1 Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[24] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[25]
Ranger 6 (P-54) 01964-01-30 30 de xaneiro de 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[26][27]
Luna E-6 No.6 01964-03-21 21 de marzo de 1964 Molniya-M Unión Soviética OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[26]
Luna E-6 No.5 01964-04-20 20 de abril de 1964 Molniya-M Unión Soviética OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[26]
Ranger 7 01964-07-28 28 de xullo de 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Successful
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[28]
Ranger 8 01965-02-17 17 de febreiro de 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Successful
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[29][30]
Kosmos 60 (E-6 No.9) 01965-03-12 12 de marzo de 1965 Molniya-L Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[29] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[31]
Ranger 9 01965-03-21 21 de marzo de 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Successful
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[29][32]
Luna E-6 No.8 01965-04-10 10 de abril de 1965 Molniya-L Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[29]
Luna 5 (E-6 No.10) 01965-05-09 9 de maio de 1965 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[29] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[33]
Luna 6 (E-6 No.7) 01965-06-08 8 de xuño de 1965 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[29] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[34]
Zond 3 (3MV-4 No.3) 01965-07-18 18 de xullo de 1965 Molniya Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Successful
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9 200 kilometres (5 700 mi).[35] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[29]
Luna 7 (E-6 No.11) 01965-10-04 4 de outubro de 1965 Molniya Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[29][36]
Luna 8 (E-6 No.12) 01965-12-03 3 de decembro de 1965 Molniya Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[29] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[37]
Luna 9 (E-6 No.13) 01966-01-31 31 de xaneiro de 1966 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Successful
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[38] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[39]
Kosmos 111 (E-6S No.204) 01966-03-01 1 de marzo de 1966 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[39] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[40]
Luna 10 (E-6S No.206) 01966-03-31 31 de marzo de 1966 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[41] Continued to return data until 30 May.[39]
Surveyor 1 01966-05-30 30 de maio de 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Estados Unidos NASA Lander Successful
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[39] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[42]
Explorer 33 (AIMP-D) 01966-07-01 1 de xullo de 1966 Delta E1 Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[39] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[43]
Lunar Orbiter 1 01966-08-10 10 de agosto de 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Partial failure
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[44]
Luna 11 (E-6LF No.101) 01966-08-21 21 de agosto de 1966 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Partial failure
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[39] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operations on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[45]
Surveyor 2 01966-09-20 20 de setembro de 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Estados Unidos NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre resulting in loss of control.[39] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[46]
Luna 12 (E-6LF No.102) 01966-10-22 22 de outubro de 1966 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[47] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[39]
Lunar Orbiter 2 01966-11-06 6 de novembro de 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[48]
Luna 13 (E-6M No.205) 01966-12-21 21 de decembro de 1966 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander Successful
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[39] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[49] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[39]
Lunar Orbiter 3 01967-02-05 5 de febreiro de 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[50]
Surveyor 3 01967-04-17 17 de abril de 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Estados Unidos NASA Lander Successful
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[51][52] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[53]
Lunar Orbiter 4 01967-05-04 4 de maio de 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[51][54]
Surveyor 4 01967-07-14 14 de xullo de 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Estados Unidos NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[51] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[55]
Explorer 35 (AIMP-E) 01967-07-19 19 de xullo de 1967 Delta E1 Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[56] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[Cómpre referencia]
Lunar Orbiter 5 01967-08-01 1 de agosto de 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57]
Surveyor 5 01967-09-08 8 de setembro de 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Estados Unidos NASA Lander Successful
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L 01967-09-27 27 de setembro de 1967 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[51]
Surveyor 6 01967-11-07 7 de novembro de 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Estados Unidos NASA Lander Successful
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[51] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2,4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L 01967-11-22 22 de novembro de 1967 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[51]
Surveyor 7 01968-01-07 7 de xaneiro de 1968 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Estados Unidos NASA Lander Successful
Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61]
Luna E-6LS No.112 01968-02-07 7 de febreiro de 1968 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61]
Luna 14 (E-6LS No.113) 01968-04-07 7 de abril de 1968 Molniya-M Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L 01968-04-22 22 de abril de 1968 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61]
Zond 5 (7K-L1 No.9L) 01968-09-14 14 de setembro de 1968 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby, circled Successful
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1 950 kilometres (1 210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[63]
Zond 6 (7K-L1 No.12L) 01968-11-10 10 de novembro de 1968 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Flyby occurred on 14 November, with a closest approach of 2 420 kilometres (1 500 mi).[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; however, recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61]
Apollo 8 01968-12-21 21 de decembro de 1968 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter Successful
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L 01969-01-20 20 de xaneiro de 1969 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66]
Luna E-8 No.201 01969-02-19 19 de febreiro de 1969 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander/rover Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[66]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 01969-02-21 21 de febreiro de 1969 N1 Unión Soviética OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[66]
Apollo 10 01969-05-18 18 de maio de 1969 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter Successful
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14,326 kilometres (8,902 mi) above the lunar surface.[67]
Luna E-8-5 No.402 01969-06-14 14 de xuño de 1969 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 01969-07-03 3 de xullo de 1969 N1 Unión Soviética OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1,2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[66]
Luna 15 (E-8-5 No.401) 01969-07-13 13 de xullo de 1969 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[66]
Apollo 11 01969-07-16 16 de xullo de 1969 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter/lander Successful
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
Zond 7 (7K-L1 No.11L) 01969-08-07 7 de agosto de 1969 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Successful
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1 200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[66]
Kosmos 300 (E-8-5 No.403) 01969-09-23 23 de setembro de 1969 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[66]
Kosmos 305 (E-8-5 No.404) 01969-10-22 22 de outubro de 1969 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[66]
Apollo 12 01969-11-14 14 de novembro de 1969 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter/lander Successful
Second crewed lunar landing.
Luna E-8-5 No.405 01970-02-06 6 de febreiro de 1970 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Failed to orbit.
Apollo 13 01970-04-11 11 de abril de 1970 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter/lander Spacecraft failure
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
Luna 16 (E-8-5 No.406) 01970-09-12 12 de setembro de 1970 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Successful
Zond 8 (7K-L1 No.14L) 01970-10-20 20 de outubro de 1970 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Flyby Successful
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
Luna 17 (E-8 No.203) 01970-11-10 10 de novembro de 1970 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander/rover Successful
Deployed Lunokhod 1.
Apollo 14 01971-01-31 31 de xaneiro de 1971 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter/lander Successful
Third crewed lunar landing.
Apollo 15 01971-07-26 26 de xullo de 1971 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter/lander/rover Successful
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
PFS-1 01971-07-26 26 de xullo de 1971 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Deployed from Apollo 15.
Luna 18 (E-8-5 No.407) 01971-09-02 2 de setembro de 1971 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
Luna 19 (E-8LS No.202) 01971-09-28 28 de setembro de 1971 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Luna 20 (E-8-5 No.408) 01972-02-14 14 de febreiro de 1972 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Successful
Apollo 16 01972-04-16 16 de abril de 1972 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter/lander/rover Successful
Fifth crewed lunar landing.
PFS-2 01972-04-16 16 de abril de 1972 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Deployed from Apollo 16.
Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 01972-07-03 3 de xullo de 1972 N1 Unión Soviética OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
Apollo 17 01972-12-07 7 de decembro de 1972 Saturn V Estados Unidos NASA Crewed orbiter/lander/rover Successful
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
Luna 21 (E-8 No.204) 01973-01-08 8 de xaneiro de 1973 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Lander/rover Successful
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
Explorer 49 (RAE-B) 01973-06-10 10 de xuño de 1973 Delta 1913 Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
Mariner 10 (RAE-B) 01973-11-03 3 de novembro de 1973 Delta 1913 Estados Unidos NASA Flyby Successful
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
Luna 22 (E-8LS No.206) 01974-05-29 29 de maio de 1974 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Orbiter Successful
Luna 23 (E-8-5M No.410) 01974-10-28 28 de outubro de 1974 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Partial success
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
Luna E-8-5M No.412 01975-10-16 16 de outubro de 1975 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Failed to orbit.
Luna 24 (E-8-5M No.413) 01976-08-09 9 de agosto de 1976 Proton-K/D Unión Soviética Lavochkin Sample return Successful
Final mission of the Luna programme. Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96 12 hours later.[68] Returned 170,1 grams (6,00 oz) of lunar regolith.[69]
ISEE-3 (ICE/Explorer 59) 01978-08-12 12 de agosto de 1978 Delta 2914 Estados Unidos NASA Gravity assist Successful
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
Hiten (MUSES-A) 01990-01-24 24 de xaneiro de 1990 Mu-3S-II Xapón ISAS Flyby/Orbiter Successful
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[70]
Hagoromo 01990-01-24 24 de xaneiro de 1990 Mu-3S-II Xapón ISAS Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Deployed from Hiten. Communications failure; entered selenocentric orbit but returned no data.
Geotail 01992-07-24 24 de xullo de 1992 Delta II 6925 Xapón Estados Unidos ISAS/NASA Gravity assist Successful
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
WIND 01994-11-01 1 de novembro de 1994 Delta II 7925-10 Estados Unidos NASA Gravity assist Successful
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
Clementine (DSPSE) 01994-01-25 25 de xaneiro de 1994 Titan II (23)G Star-37FM Estados Unidos USAF/NASA Orbiter Successful
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
HGS-1 01997-12-24 24 de decembro de 1997 Proton-K/DM3 Estados Unidos Hughes Gravity assist
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
Lunar Prospector (Discovery 3) 01998-01-07 7 de xaneiro de 1998 Athena II Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Nozomi (PLANET-B) 01998-07-03 3 de xullo de 1998 M-V Xapón ISAS Gravity assist Spacecraft failure
Two flybys en route to Mars.
WMAP 02001-06-30 30 de xuño de 2001 Delta II 7425-10 Estados Unidos NASA Gravity assist Successful
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
SMART-1 02003-09-27 27 de setembro de 2003 Ariane 5G European Space Agency ESA Orbiter Successful
Impacted moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006.
STEREO 02006-10-25 25 de outubro de 2006 Delta II 7925-10L Estados Unidos NASA Gravity assist Successful
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
ARTEMIS 02007-02-17 17 de febreiro de 2007 Delta II 7925 Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Operativa
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
SELENE (Kaguya) 02007-09-14 14 de setembro de 2007 H-IIA 2022 Xapón JAXA Orbiter Successful
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[71] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[72] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
Chang'e 1 02007-10-24 24 de outubro de 2007 Long March 3A República Popular da China CNSA Orbiter Successful
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission.
Chandrayaan-1 02008-10-22 22 de outubro de 2008 PSLV-XL India ISRO Orbiter Successful
Succeeded through mission. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[73] Moon Impact Probe made successfully impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ30 on 14 November 2008.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 02009-06-18 18 de xuño de 2009 Atlas V 401 Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Operativo
LCROSS 02009-06-18 18 de xuño de 2009 Atlas V 401 Estados Unidos NASA Impactor Successful
Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30.
Chang'e 2 02010-10-01 1 de outubro de 2010 Long March 3C República Popular da China CNSA Orbiter Successful
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[74] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis.[75]
Ebb (GRAIL-A) 02011-09-10 10 de setembro de 2011[76][77] Delta II 7920H Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter[78] Successful
Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[78] impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79]
Flow (GRAIL-B) 02011-09-10 10 de setembro de 2011[76][77] Delta II 7920H Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter[78] Successful
Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[78] impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79]
LADEE 02013-09-07 7 de setembro de 2013 Minotaur V Estados Unidos NASA Orbiter Successful
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
Chang'e 3 02013-12-01 1 de decembro de 2013 Long March 3B República Popular da China CNSA Módulo de descenso Operativa
Yutu Rover Mostly successful
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December.
Chang'e 5-T1 02014-10-23 23 de outubro de 2014 Long March 3C República Popular da China CNSA Flyby Operativa
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity.
Manfred Memorial Moon Mission 02014-10-23 23 de outubro de 2014 Long March 3C Luxemburgo LuxSpace Flyby Successful
Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1.
TESS 02018-04-18 18 de abril de 2018 Falcon 9 Full Thrust Estados Unidos NASA Gravity assist Successful
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[80]
Chang'e 4 02018-12-07 7 de decembro de 2018 Long March 3B República Popular da China CNSA Lander/rover Operativa
Queqiao Gravity assist / Modelo:L2 orbit Operativa
Longjiang Orbiter Partial failure
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[81][82]
Beresheet 02019-02-22 22 de febreiro de 2019 Falcon 9 Israel SpaceIL Lander Spacecraft landing failure
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[83][84] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[85]
Chandrayaan-2 02019-07-22 22 de xullo de 2019 GSLV Mk III India ISRO Orbiter Operativa
Vikram Módulo de descenso Lander failure
Pragyan Rover Lander failure
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Orbiter remained operational.[86][87][88]
Chang'e 5 23 November 2020 Long March 5 República Popular da China CNSA Lander/sample return Successful
First lunar sample return mission from China.

Future missions

There are several future lunar missions scheduled or proposed by various nations or organisations.

Funded and under development

Robotic

Country Agency or company Name Launch due Launch vehicle Nature of mission
 USA NASA CAPSTONE Q2 2021[89] Electron Orbiter, technology demonstrator.[90]
 USA Rocket Lab Photon Q2 2021 Electron Gravity assist to interplanetary space, technology demonstrator, photography.[91]
 USA Astrobotic Technology Mission One Q4 2021[92][93] Vulcan Centaur Private technology demonstrators: Peregrine lander and other rovers: Andy, Unity; delivery of payloads for NASA's CLPS program; carrying on board the seven rovers: Andy and Iris of Carnegie Mellon University; the Spacebit Mission One of Spacebit; Unity of Team AngelicvM; Yaoki of Dymon; Colmenla of UNAM; Team Puli of Puli Space Technologies.
 United Kingdom Spacebit Spacebit Mission One[94] 2021[95] Vulcan Centaur[96] To be launched on board the Peregrine lander as a rideshare;[97] explore lunar caves use spider-like Moon rovers[98]
 Mexico UNAM Colmena 2021 Vulcan Centaur A microrover going to be launched on Peregrine lander as a rideshare payload.
 USA Intuitive Machines Nova-C October 2021[99] Falcon 9 Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.
 Russia Roscosmos Luna 25 October 2021[100] Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat-M Lander will explore natural resources, part of Luna-Glob programme.
 USA NASA, ESA and CubeSat providers Artemis 1 November 2021[101] SLS Block 1 Primary: uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby; secondary: 13 CubeSats[102][103]
 India ISRO Chandrayaan-3 2021[104][105] GSLV Mk III India's second attempt to soft land on the Moon.
 Germany PTScientists ALINA[106] 2021 [107] Ariane 6 Private technology demonstration of lander and rover[108]
 USA Xplore TBD 2022[109] Xcraft[110] An orbiter[109]
 Japan JAXA SLIM[111] January 2022[112] H-IIA 202 Pinpoint landing, roving[113][114][115]
 South Korea KARI Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) August 2022[116] Falcon 9 Orbiter, technology demonstrator.
 USA Intuitive Machines Nova-C 2 2022[117] Falcon 9 Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS.
 USA Masten Space Systems XL-1 December 2022 Falcon 9 Lunar Lander, technology demonstrator, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to the lunar south pole.[118]
 USA ispace and Draper Lab Artemis-7 lander 2022[119][120][121] Falcon 9 Lander technology demonstration
 USA Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost Mid 2023 Modelo:TBA Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[122][123]
 USA NASA VIPER rover November 2023[124][125] Modelo:TBA Will prospect for lunar resources in the south pole region, especially for water ice.
 Australia Fleet space, OZ Minerals, University of Adelaide, UNSW, Unearthed, Tyvak and Fugro Australia Lunar Exploration Mission[126][127] 2023 TBD nanosatellites for the Artemis program
 USA ispace and Draper Lab Hakuto-R rover 2023[128][129] Falcon 9 Rover technology demonstration
 Turkey Turkish Space Agency TBD 2023[130][131] TBD Hard landing
 USA Momentus Space Ardoride 2023 or 2024[133] Modelo:TBA Orbiter, rideshare mission carrying 50 kg payload for Canadensys along with others
 Japan JAXA DESTINY+ 2023 or 2024[134] Epsilon Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon
 China CNSA Chang'e 6 2023 or 2024[135] Long March 5 Sample-return from the lunar south pole
 China CNSA Chang'e 7 2024 [136] Long March 5 South pole lander, rover and flying probe [137]
 Russia Roscosmos Luna 26 2024[100] Soyuz-2 Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[138]
 Canada Canadensys Aerospace Cooperation and NGC Aerospace Light weight camera and planetary navigation system 2024 TBD Two separate spacecraft for the Canadian Space Agencys LEAP program
 USA Blue Origin Blue Moon 2024[139] Modelo:TBA Lander
 UAE UAE Space Agency Rashid 2024[140] TBA Lunar Rover
 Russia Roscosmos Luna 27 2025[100] Soyuz[141] Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
 UK TCT Aerospace MoonPIE 2025 TBD Lunar sample return
 Turkey Turkish Space Agency TBD 2028[142][143] TBD Lunar lander

Crewed

Country Agency or company Name Launch due Launch vehicle Nature of mission
 USA/ CAN NASA Artemis 2 August 2023 SLS Block 1 Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
 USA SpaceX #dearMoon project 2023[144] Starship Space tourism and art project; free-return trajectory and Earth re-entry of the Starship.
 USA NASA Artemis 3 2024[145] SLS Block 1 Deliver "first woman and next man" on the Moon.
 Russia Roscosmos Orel spacecraft 2025[146] Soyuz-5 Crewed lunar orbit

Proposed but full funding still unclear

Robotic

The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed:

Country Name Proposed launch Nature of mission Agency or company
Private (Europe) Lunar Pathfinder 2022—2023 Commercial telecom orbiter, with support from ESA[147][148] Surrey Satellite Technology
 Brazil Garatéa-L 2022 Orbiter Airvantis
 USA Planetoid Mines 2023 Lunar Mining in South Pole and PSR craters. Planetoid Mines
 Israel Beresheet 2 2024 One orbiter and two landers SpaceIL
 South Korea Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program 2025 a lander and a rover KARI
 South Africa #AfricaToMoon 2030 Orbiter or a Lunar Rover and Lander SANSA
 India
 Japan
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission 2024 Lander and rover, part of the Chandrayaan programme; a proposal under study.[149] ISRO
 USA ISOCHRON 2025 Lunar sample-return NASA
 USA moon diver 2025 Lander and rover NASA
 China Chang'e 8 2026 South pole lander[137] CNSA
 USA MoonRise May compete in New Frontiers program NF5 selection in the late 2020s[150] Sample return from South Pole–Aitken basin[151] NASA
 Europe
 Japan
 Canada
HERACLES 2027[152] Robotic lander system with rover; sample-return. ESA, JAXA and CSA
 Russia Luna 28 and Luna 29 2027–2028[100] Technology development for prospecting water and other natural resources needed for a future lunar base; part of Luna-Glob program. Roscosmos
 USA BOLAS TBD 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[153] NASA
 USA Lunar Crater Radio Telescope TBD Radio telescope made by 4 rovers NASA
 Europe TRACTOR ? Two Moon rovers for the Artemis program ESA

Crewed

Country Agency
or company
Name Proposed
launch date
Nature of proposed mission
 China CNSA CLEP 2030s Crewed lunar landing[154][155]
 Japan JAXA 2030s[156] Crewed lunar landing[156][157]
 USA NASA Artemis
2024 onwards Crewed lunar landing
 Russia Roscosmos Luna-Glob 2030s[158] Crewed lunar orbiter and landing[158][159]

Canceled or indefinitely postponed

Country Name Suggested launch year Notes
 Japan Lunar-A 2004 Integrated into Russia's Luna-Glob 1 mission[160]
 Germany LEO 2012 Mission postponed indefinitely due to budgetary constraints[161]
 UK MoonLITE 2014 Orbiter[162][163]
 USA Constellation program 2020 Canceled by Obama Administration; efforts routed to the Orion spacecraft.[164]
 Europe Lunar Lander[165][166] 2018 Canceled in 2012
 USA, Space Adventures (Private) DSE-Alpha 2018[167] Mission to transport the first space tourists to fly around the Moon using Soyuz; proposed by Space Adventures (2005).[168][169][170]
Private (UK) Lunar Mission One[171][172] 2024[173] Lander. Canceled due to tax issues on money obtained from crowdsourcing.
 USA Resource Prospector 2020s[174] Rover for in-situ resource utilization demonstration, canceled in 2018,[175] but its scientific instruments will be flown on several future commercial landers,[176][177] as part of the Commercial Lunar Payload Services.
 Japan SELENE-2 2020s[178] Orbiter, lander and rover.[179] Canceled in March 2015.[180]

See also

Notas

Modelo:NoteFoot

References

Tódalas referencias en inglés agás cando se indique o contrario
  1. "Why failure is the fuel for a trip to Moon". 
  2. "Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report". 
  3. 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1958" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 17–19. 
  4. "Pioneer 0". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 14-02-2021. 
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 Wade, Mark. "Luna E-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 22-12-2010. Consultado o 14-02-2021. 
  6. "Pioneer 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  7. "Pioneer 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  8. "Pioneer 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  9. 9,0 9,1 García Sagario, Gabriel (10-02-2010). "Emblemas Espaciales Soviéticos". Zemiorka (blog) (en castelán). Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021. 
  10. 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1959" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 21–24. Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021. 
  11. "Luna 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021. 
  12. 12,0 12,1 "Pioneer 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021. 
  13. "Luna 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 15 febreiro de 2021. 
  14. "Luna 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  15. "Pioneer P-3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  16. 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1960" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 25–27. 
  17. "Pioneer P-30". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  18. "Pioneer P-31". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  19. 19,0 19,1 19,2 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1962" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 34–37. 
  20. "Ranger 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  21. "Ranger 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  22. "Ranger 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  23. "Sputnik 25". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  24. 24,0 24,1 24,2 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1963" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 39–40. 
  25. "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  26. 26,0 26,1 26,2 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1964" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 41–45. 
  27. "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  28. "Ranger 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 3 December 2013. 
  29. 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 29,5 29,6 29,7 29,8 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1965" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. 
  30. "Ranger 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  31. "Cosmos 60". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  32. "Ranger 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  33. "Luna 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  34. "Luna 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  35. "Zond 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  36. "Luna 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  37. "Luna 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  38. "Luna 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  39. 39,00 39,01 39,02 39,03 39,04 39,05 39,06 39,07 39,08 39,09 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1966" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. 
  40. "Cosmos 111". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 4 December 2013. 
  41. "Luna 10". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 5 December 2013. 
  42. "Surveyor 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 5 December 2013. 
  43. "Explorer 33". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 5 December 2013. 
  44. "Lunar Orbiter 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 5 December 2013. 
  45. "Luna 11". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 6 December 2013. 
  46. "Surveyor 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 6 December 2013. 
  47. "Luna 12". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 6 December 2013. 
  48. "Lunar Orbiter 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 6 December 2013. 
  49. "Luna 13". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 6 December 2013. 
  50. "Lunar Orbiter 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 17 December 2013. 
  51. 51,0 51,1 51,2 51,3 51,4 51,5 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1967" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. 
  52. "Surveyor 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 17 December 2013. 
  53. "Surveyor Lunar Spacecraft". Boeing. Consultado o 17 December 2013. 
  54. "Lunar Orbiter 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 26 May 2014. 
  55. "Surveyor 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 17 December 2013. 
  56. "Explorer 35". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 26 May 2014. 
  57. "Lunar Orbiter 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 26 May 2014. 
  58. "Surveyor 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 26 May 2014. 
  59. "Surveyor 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 26 May 2014. 
  60. "Surveyor 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 26 May 2014. 
  61. 61,0 61,1 61,2 61,3 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1968" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 69–72. 
  62. "Luna 14". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 31 May 2014. 
  63. "Zond 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 31 May 2014. 
  64. "Zond 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 31 May 2014. 
  65. "Apollo 8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 8 July 2009. Consultado o 31 May 2014. 
  66. 66,0 66,1 66,2 66,3 66,4 66,5 66,6 66,7 66,8 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80. 
  67. "APOLLO 10 (AS-505)". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Consultado o 4 April 2019. 
  68. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1976" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 115–116. 
  69. "Luna 24". US National Space Science Data Center. Consultado o 14 December 2013. 
  70. "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). Consultado o 12 April 2019. 
  71. "Japanese probe crashes into Moon". BBC. 11 June 2009. Consultado o 8 May 2010. 
  72. "月周回衛星「かぐや(SELENE)」 – SELENE通信 – お知らせ" (en xaponés). JAXA. 30 June 2009. Consultado o 17 July 2009. 
  73. Varanasi, P.; Tompkins, S.; Taylor, L. A.; Sunshine, J.; Staid, M.; Runyon, C.; Petro, N.; Nettles, J.; Mustard, J. (23 October 2009). "Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1". Science (en inglés) 326 (5952): 568–572. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19779151. doi:10.1126/science.1178658. 
  74. "China's Moon orbiter Chang'e-2 travels 1.5 km into outer space". The Economic Times. 30 August 2011. Consultado o 31 August 2011. 
  75. "Chang'e 2: The Full Story". The Planetary Society. 25 August 2012. Consultado o 29 October 2012. 
  76. 76,0 76,1 Gold, Scott (11 September 2011). "After delay, GRAIL moon mission launches". Los Angeles Times. 
  77. 77,0 77,1 Harwood, William. "NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes". CBS News. Consultado o 11 September 2011. 
  78. 78,0 78,1 78,2 78,3 Tariq Malik (10 April 2008). "New NASA Spacecraft to Probe Moon Dust". Space.com. Consultado o 11 November 2008. 
  79. 79,0 79,1 Blau, Patrick. "GRAIL Mission Design and Timeline". Spaceflight 101. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 19 July 2012. Consultado o 29 October 2012.  Parámetro descoñecido |url-status= ignorado (Axuda)
  80. "Trajectory Design Enhancements to Mitigate Risk for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)" (PDF). 13 September 2016. Consultado o 1 January 2017. 
  81. Rincon, Paul (7 December 2018). "China mission launches to far side of Moon". BBC News. Consultado o 9 December 2018. 
  82. https://www.space.com/42883-china-first-landing-moon-far-side.html
  83. Grush, Loren (21 February 2019). "Watch SpaceX launch a trio of spacecraft, including a lander bound for the Moon". The Verge. Consultado o 22 February 2019. 
  84. "Beresheet". NASA Solar System Exploration. 19 February 2019. Consultado o 4 April 2019. .
  85. Foust, Jeff (12 April 2019). "SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander". SpaceNews. Consultado o 12 April 2019. 
  86. "Lander Vikram located: K Sivan". www.aninews.in (en inglés). Consultado o 8 September 2019. 
  87. Schultz, Kai (8 September 2019). "India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface". The New York Times. Consultado o 8 September 2019. 
  88. How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer. Mahesh Guptan, The Week. 16 November 2019.
  89. "Rocket Lab Readies Photon Spacecraft for NASA Moon Mission". Rocket Lab. 11 December 2020. Consultado o 4 February 2021. 
  90. NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit. NASA press release 19-073. 13 September 2019.
  91. "Mission To The Moon". Rocket Lab (en inglés). Consultado o 4 September 2020. 
  92. Erwin, Sandra (17 December 2020). "ULA's new rocket Vulcan projected to launch in late 2021". SpaceNews. Consultado o 20 December 2020. 
  93. Wendel, JoAnna (31 January 2020). "NASA unveils 16 payloads that private lunar landers will take to the moon". Space.com. Consultado o 14 July 2020. 
  94. Knapton, Sarah (19 March 2017). "European rocket scientists pledge to make first private Moon landing in 2018". The Daily Telegraph. Consultado o 11 July 2018. 
  95. Foust, Jeff (22 January 2019). "ArianeGroup and PTScientists to study lunar lander mission for ESA". The Guardian. Consultado o 17 November 2019. 
  96. "Astrobotic, Spacebit agree to land first commercial payload on Moon". Aerospace Technology (en inglés). 25 September 2019. Consultado o 23 January 2020. 
  97. Clark, Stuart. "The next giant leaps: The UK missions getting us to the Moon". Science Focus. Consultado o 26 August 2020. 
  98. Howell 2019-11-04T11:41:52Z, Elizabeth. "Spiders on the Moon: 'Walking' Robots Will Explore Lunar Crevices and Caves". Space.com (en inglés). Consultado o 23 January 2020. 
  99. Kanayama, Lee (13 April 2020). "NOVA-C selects landing site, Masten gains CLPS contracts". NASASpaceFlight. Consultado o 27 September 2020. 
  100. 100,0 100,1 100,2 100,3 "Россия запустит космический аппарат на Луну 1 октября 2021 года" [Russia will launch a spacecraft to the moon on 1 October 2021]. RIA Novosti (en ruso). 17 March 2020. Consultado o 18 March 2020. 
  101. ""Hopeful for launch next year, NASA aims to resume SLS operations within weeks ".". 1 May 2020. 
  102. "Hitchhiking Into the Solar System: Launching NASA's First Deep-Space CubeSats" (PDF). NASA. 2015. Consultado o 18 March 2020. 
  103. "Around the Moon with NASA's First Launch of SLS with Orion". NASA. 8 March 2018. Consultado o 18 March 2020. 
  104. "Unstarred Question no. 1384 in Lok Sabha". 164.100.47.194. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 27 November 2019. Consultado o 27 November 2019.  Parámetro descoñecido |url-status= ignorado (Axuda)
  105. PTI. "Chandrayaan-3 launch may happen next year: ISRO". @businessline (en inglés). Consultado o 3 January 2020. 
  106. Knapton, Sarah (19 March 2017). "European rocket scientists pledge to make first private Moon landing in 2018". The Daily Telegraph. Consultado o 11 July 2018. 
  107. Foust, Jeff (22 January 2019). "ArianeGroup and PTScientists to study lunar lander mission for ESA". SpaceNews. Consultado o 25 January 2019. 
  108. Schepers, Andreas. "Berlin-based New Space company PTScientists and European space company ArianeGroup agree on fa]r-reaching cooperation for lunar missions". Spaceref. Consultado o 8 May 2019. 
  109. 109,0 109,1 "Xplore | Moon Xpeditions". www.xplore.com. Consultado o 2020-11-26. 
  110. "Space investor Dylan Taylor reserves a spot for payload on Xplore’s first space mission". GeekWire (en inglés). 2020-06-03. Consultado o 2020-11-26. 
  111. "小型探査機による高精度月面着陸の技術実証(SLIM)について" (PDF) (en xaponés). 3 June 2015. Consultado o 23 June 2015. 
  112. "天文衛星「ひとみ」代替機と月面着陸機、H2Aで相乗り-JAXA". Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (en xaponés). 21 August 2017. Consultado o 23 October 2017. ... 2020年度に国際プロジェクトとして打ち上げ予定のX線天文衛星代替機を搭載した国産ロケット「H2A」に月面着陸機「SLIM(スリム)」を相乗りさせる計画を示した。 ...' 
  113. "Small lunar-lander "SLIM" for the pinpoint landing technology demonstration" (PDF). 2015. Consultado o 23 June 2015. 
  114. "The tiny rover payload in SLIM mission" (PDF). 2015. Consultado o 23 June 2015. 
  115. Japan to attempt uncrewed lunar landing in 2018
  116. Lee, Jonghwa (27 September 2020). "한국형 달 궤도선, 2022년 8월 1일 발사된다" [Korean lunar orbiter to launch on 1 August 2022]. Maeil Business Newspaper (en coreano). Consultado o 27 September 2020. 
  117. Etherington, Darrell. "Intuitive Machines taps SpaceX for second lunar lander mission". Yahoo. Consultado o 13 January 2021. 
  118. Crawford, Meagan. "SpaceX to Launch Masten Lunar Mission in 2022". Masten. Consultado o 26 August 2020. 
  119. "Commercial Lunar Exploration Program "HAKUTO-R" Reveals Final Design and Plan for 'Mission 1' Lunar Lander". ispace. 30 July 2020. Consultado o 27 September 2020. 
  120. "Japanese company ispace selects SpaceX for lunar missions". 26 September 2018. Consultado o 31 August 2019. 
  121. "Mission Timeline Adjustment for the HAKUTO-R Program". 22 August 2019. Consultado o 24 August 2019. 
  122. "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Nota de prensa). 4 February 2021. Consultado o 4 February 2021. 
  123. "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. 1 February 2021. Consultado o 4 February 2021. 
  124. Colaprete, Anthony (17 August 2020). "VIPER: A lunar water reconnaissance mission" (PDF). NASA. Consultado o 25 August 2020. 
  125. "NASA Selects Astrobotic to Fly Water-Hunting Rover to the Moon". NASA (Nota de prensa). 11 June 2020. Consultado o 11 June 2020. 
  126. https://spaceaustralia.com/index.php/news/australian-lunar-exploration-mission-unveiled-fleet-space-technologies
  127. https://fleetspace.com/news/australias-lunar-exploration-mission-announced
  128. Gebhardt, Chris (23 August 2019). "ispace alters Moon mission timelines for greater response to customer needs". NASASpaceFlight. Consultado o 23 August 2019. 
  129. "Mission Timeline Adjustment for the HAKUTO-R Program". ispace. 22 August 2019. Consultado o 23 August 2019. 
  130. "Turkey aims to reach moon in 2023, Erdogan says". www.reuters.com. Consultado o 2021-02-10. 
  131. "National Space Programme". Turkish Space Agency. Consultado o 2021-02-10. 
  132. "Momentus Announces First Rideshare Mission to Moon". www.businesswire.com (en inglés). 2020-12-01. Consultado o 2021-02-10. 
  133. "Momentus Announces First Rideshare Mission to Moon". www.businesswire.com (en inglés). 2020-12-01. Consultado o 2021-02-10. 
  134. Sommer, M.; Krüger, H.; Srama, R.; Hirai, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Arai, T.; Sasaki, S.; Kimura, H.; Moragas-Klostermeyer, G.; Strub, P.; Lohse, A.-K. (21 September 2020). Destiny+ Dust Analyzer – Campaign & timeline preparation for interplanetary & interstellar dust observation during the 4-year transfer phase from Earth to Phaethon. Europlanet Science Congress 2020. Copernicus Publications. Consultado o 27 September 2020. 
  135. "China Plans 2017 Lunar Sample-Return Mission". Aviationweek. 16 December 2013. 
  136. Jones, Andrew (5 August 2020). "China is moving ahead with lunar south pole and near-Earth asteroid missions". SpaceNews. Consultado o 5 August 2020. 
  137. 137,0 137,1 China's Deep Space Exploration Roadmap. 2018.
  138. Russian Moon exploration program. Russian Research Institute (IKI). 2017.
  139. News, Hanneke Weitering 2019-05-10T21:19:53Z. "Blue Moon: Here's How Blue Origin's New Lunar Lander Works". Space.com. Consultado o 11 May 2019. 
  140. "UAE to launch new Emirati space mission to explore moon: Dubai ruler". Al Arabiya English (en inglés). 29 September 2020. Consultado o 29 September 2020. 
  141. Mitrofanov, Igor. "Luna-Glob" and "Luna-Resurs": science goals, payload and status (PDF). EGU General Assembly 2014. 
  142. "Turkey wants to go to the Moon in 2023 and 2028". spacewatch.global. Consultado o 2021-02-11. 
  143. "National Space Programme". Turkish Space Agency. Consultado o 2021-02-10. 
  144. "#dearMoon". #dearMoon. Consultado o 18 September 2018. 
  145. Sloss, Philip (11 September 2018). "NASA updates Lunar Gateway plans". NASASpaceFlight.com. Consultado o 17 September 2018. 
  146. "Russia may select first crew for its Federation spacecraft next year". SpaceFlight Insider. 1 November 2017. 
  147. ESA signs collaboration agreement for commercial Lunar missions. ESA Press Release, 17 April 2018.
  148. ESA identifies demand for satellites around the moon. PhysOrg 17 July 2019.
  149. ISRO planning 7 interplanetary missions, Venus on the to-do list. Sidharth MP, DNA India. 18 May 2019.
  150. "Archived copy" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 1 February 2017. Consultado o 19 November 2016.  Parámetro descoñecido |url-status= ignorado (Axuda)
  151. "ILN". NASA. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 27 May 2010. Consultado o 11 November 2008.  Parámetro descoñecido |url-status= ignorado (Axuda)
  152. Helping Heracles EL3 to Survive the Long, Cold, Dark Lunar Nights. Doug Messier, Parabolic Arc. 8 December 2019.
  153. Bi-Sat Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere Above Swirls (BOLAS): Tethered SmallSat Investigation of Hydration and Space Weathering Processes at the Moon. (PDF) Stubbs, T. J.; Malphrus, B. K.; Hoyt, R., etal. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; 19–23 March 2018 at The Woodlands, Texa, USA.
  154. "Moon may light man's future". China Daily. 15 August 2009. 
  155. "China has no timetable for manned moon landing: chief scientist". Xin Hua News. 19 September 2012. 
  156. 156,0 156,1 Dominic Basulto (30 April 2015). "Why it matters that Japan is going to the moon". The Washington Post. Consultado o 3 March 2015. 
  157. Toyota to build lunar rover as Japan tries to land astronaut on moon. Sky News. 6 March 2019.
  158. 158,0 158,1 "Russia Plans to Colonize Moon by 2030, Newspaper Reports". The Moscow Times. 8 May 2014. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 19 July 2017. Consultado o 8 May 2014.  Parámetro descoñecido |url-status= ignorado (Axuda)
  159. The vision of the Russian Space Agency on the robotic settlements in the Moon. Maxim Litvak, IKI/Roscosmos. 2016.
  160. "Japan's Moon mission in jeopardy". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 January 2007. Consultado o 9 November 2008. "Luna-Glob". Gunter's Space Page. 6 November 2008. Consultado o 11 November 2008. 
  161. "Just watch. Don't Touch. Moon Mission busted." (en alemán). n-tv. 12 July 2008. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 6 November 2008. Consultado o 9 November 2008.  Parámetro descoñecido |url-status= ignorado (Axuda)
  162. Craig Brown (11 January 2007). "British scientists shoot for the moon". Edinburgh: The Scotsman. Consultado o 24 November 2007. 
  163. Pallab Ghosh (10 January 2007). "Britain plans first Moon mission". BBC. Consultado o 9 November 2008. 
  164. NASA's 2011 Budget Should Allow Flexibility Despite Cuts, Space.com, 15 April 2011.
  165. Bérengère Houdou; James Carpenter (30 October 2008). "The MoonNEXT Mission" (PDF). LEAG – ILEWG – SRR. ESA/ESTEC, The Netherlands. Consultado o 17 March 2011. 
  166. "Fly us to the Moon…south pole to be precise". ESA news. 31 March 2010. Consultado o 17 March 2011. 
  167. "Is Space Adventures Sending Customers Around the Moon?". 
  168. Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers: how a visionary band of business leaders, engineers, and pilots is boldly privatizing space. New York: Smithsonian Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-06-114903-0. the ... Russian space program cut a deal with Florida-based Space Adventures to send two tourists and a professional cosmonaut on a flyby mission around the Moon. The major hardware for the mission already exists; all that's needed now is to find two people willing and able to pony up $100 million each to pay for it. 
  169. Whittington, Mark (29 January 2011). "Space Adventures Closer to Private 'Round the Moon Voyage". Yahoo! News. Consultado o 29 March 2011. 
  170. "Lunar Mission Details". Space Adventures. Consultado o 29 March 2011. 
  171. Parnell, Brid-Aine. "Non-profit Moon Mission Falls Foul Of The Crowdfunding Tax Conundrum". Forbes. Consultado o 27 January 2019. 
  172. "UK 'to lead moon landing' funded by public contributions". BBC News. 19 November 2014. 
  173. "Lunar Mission One: A New Lunar Mission for Everyone". British Interplanetary Society. 19 November 2014. Consultado o 2 March 2015. 
  174. https://www.nasa.gov/resource-prospector
  175. A brief history of Resource Prospector, NASA's canceled lunar mission. Jason Davies, The Planetary Society. 3 May 2018.
  176. NASA argues Resource Prospector no longer fit into agency’s lunar exploration plans. Jeff Foust, Space News. 4 May 2018.
  177. NASA emphasizes commercial lunar lander plans with Resource Prospector cancellation. Jeff Foust, Space News. 28 April 2018.
  178. http://spacenews.com/nasa-tests-lunar-rover-prototype-with-eye-toward-flying-real-thing/
  179. http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/07/topnews/japan-announces-selene-2-lunar-mission-2017/
  180. Mission Concepts of Unprecedented Zipangu Underworld of the Moon Exploration (UZUME) Project. (PDF). Junichi HARUYAMA, Isao KAWANO, Takashi KUBOTA, etal. J-Stage. 3 July 2015. Accessed: 24 September 2018. Quote: "SELENE-2 was a mission with an intention to send a landing module to the Moon, and a lunar hole was a candidate for the landing site. However, the SELENE-2 mission was officially terminated in March 2015."


Modelo:Moon spacecraft Modelo:Lunar rovers Modelo:Crewed lunar spacecraft Modelo:Spacecraft by destination Modelo:Solar System probes Modelo:The Moon Modelo:Spaceflight lists and timelines Modelo:Future spaceflights