Estado Islámico: Diferenzas entre revisións

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[[Ficheiro:Flag of Islamic State of Iraq.svg|miniatura|280px|Bandeira do Estado Islámico.]]
[[Ficheiro:Flag of Islamic State of Iraq.svg|miniatura|280px|Bandeira do Estado Islámico.]]
[[Ficheiro:Territorial control of the ISIS.svg|miniatura|280px|Territorio controlado por EI (21 de outubro de 2015).]]
[[Ficheiro:Territorial control of the ISIS.svg|miniatura|280px|Territorio controlado por EI (21 de outubro de 2015).]]
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O '''Estado Islámico de Iraq e Levante''' ({{lang-ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}), tamén coñecido como '''Estado Islámico de Iraq e Siria''' ('''ISIS''' en inglés, ou o '''Estado Islámico de Iraq e ash-Sham''', '''Estado Islámico''' ('''EI'''),<ref name="What is IS">{{cita novas|título=What is Islamic State?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144|editor=BBC News|data=26 de setembro de 2014|dataacceso=9 de marzo de 2015}}</ref> ou '''Daesh''' ({{lang|ar|داعش}},<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |título=Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand? |nome=Alice |apelido=Guthrie |data=19 de febreiro de 2015 |dataacceso=15 de novembro de 2015 |editor=Free Word Centre |urlarquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117000440/https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |dataarquivo=17 de novembro de 2015 |urlmorta=si }}</ref> é un grupo militar extremista [[Wahhabismo|wahhabí]]/[[Xihad|xihadista salafí]] e autoproclamado [[califato]], que está liderado e composto principalmente por árabes [[Sunnismo|sunnís]] de [[Iraq]] e [[Siria]]. En marzo de 2015 tiña o control dun territorio ocupado por dez millóns de persoas en Iraq e Siria, e tiña o control nominal de pequenas áreas de [[Libia]], [[Nixeria]] e [[Afganistán]]. O grupo tamén opera ou ten seguidores noutras partes do mundo, incluíndo o [[Norte de África]] e [[Sur de Asia]].<ref>{{cita novas|título=Kurds accused of 'ethnic cleansing' by Syria rebels|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/kurds-accused-ethnic-cleansing-syria-rebels-isis/|dataacceso=22 de xuño de 2015|editor=CBS News|data=15 de xuño de 2015}}</ref> O Estado Islámico non é un estado con recoñecemento da comunidade internacional.<ref>{{cita web | título = Statehood (international law) | url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statehood_international_law | website = [[Wex]] | editor = [[Cornell University]] | dataacceso = 20 de xullo de 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cita novas|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313|title=Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross|dataacceso=25 de xuño de 2015|data=13 de marzo de 2015}}</ref><ref name="reuters-turfwar">{{cita novas|título=Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|data=29 de xuño de 2015|dataacceso=6 de outubro de 2015}}</ref><ref name="Militant Attack and Support Zones in Afghanistan">{{cita novas|título=Militant Attack and Support Zones in Afghanistan|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf|data=18 de setembro de 2015|dataacceso=22 de setembro de 2015|urlarquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060400/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf|dataarquivo=23 de setembro de 2015|urlmorta=si}}</ref><ref name="Pakistani Taliban pledges allegiance to ISIL">{{cita novas|título=Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-pakistan-militants-is-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|data=18 de novembro de 2014|dataacceso=19 de novembro de 2014}}</ref>
O '''Estado Islámico de Iraq e Levante''' ({{lang-ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}), tamén coñecido como '''Estado Islámico de Iraq e Siria''' ('''ISIS''' en inglés, ou o '''Estado Islámico de Iraq e ash-Sham''', '''Estado Islámico''' ('''EI'''),<ref name="What is IS">{{cita novas|título=What is Islamic State?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144|editor=BBC News|data=26 de setembro de 2014|dataacceso=9 de marzo de 2015}}</ref> ou '''Daesh''' ({{lang|ar|داعش}},<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |título=Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand? |nome=Alice |apelido=Guthrie |data=19 de febreiro de 2015 |dataacceso=15 de novembro de 2015 |editor=Free Word Centre |urlarquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117000440/https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |dataarquivo=17 de novembro de 2015 |urlmorta=si }}</ref> é un grupo militar extremista [[Wahhabismo|wahhabí]]/[[Xihad|xihadista salafí]] e autoproclamado [[califato]], e antigo protoestado [[recoñecemento internacional|non recoñecido]] que seguía unha doutrina [[Fundamentalismo islámico|fundamentalista]], [[salafismo|salafí]] do [[sunnismo]].<ref name=Wahhabism>{{cita novas |autor=Fouad al-Ibrahim |título=Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise |editor=Al Akhbar English |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |urlarquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121659/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |data=22 de agosto de 2014 |dataarquivo=24 de agosto de 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cita web |url=http://orientalreview.org/2014/09/23/islamic-state-and-the-policy-of-the-west/ |título=Islamic State and the policy of the West |apelido1=Dolgov |nome1=Boris |editor=Oriental Review |data=23 de setembro de 2014}}<p>{{cita libro|apelido=Wilson|nome=Rodney|título=Islam and Economic Policy|url={{Google books|ejgkDQAAQBAJ|page=PA178|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|ano=2015|editorial=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8389-5|page=178}}<p>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n05/patrick-cockburn/end-times-for-the-caliphate |title=End Times for the Caliphate? |first=Patrick |last=Cockburn |date=3 March 2016 |work=London Review of Books |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=29–30}}<p>{{cite web |title=Does Islamic State have the economic and political institutions for future development? |first1=Dmitry |last1=Pastukhov |first2=Nathaniel |last2=Greenwold |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/economics/non-seminar/explore-econ16/accordian/greenwold_pastukhov-poster.pdf}}<p>{{cite book|last=Pedler|first=John|title=A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung|url={{Google books|A8nuBQAAQBAJ|page=PA99|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2015|publisher=Troubador |isbn=978-1-78462-223-7|page=99}}<p>{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Michael|last2=Larkin|first2=Craig|title=The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant|url={{Google books|koeMCwAAQBAJ|page=PA21|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-045811-9|page=21}}</ref> Estados Islámico conseguiu a atención global a comezos de 2014 cando desprazou ás forzas do goberno iraquí fóra de cidades estratéxicas na [[campaña de Anbar (2013–14)|ofensiva iraquí occidental]],<ref name=CNNanbar>{{cite news |title=John Kerry holds talks in Iraq as more cities fall to ISIS militants |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/23/world/meast/iraq-crisis/ |publisher=CNN |date=23 June 2014}}</ref> seguida da [[Caída de Mosul|captura de Mosul]]<ref name=NYTmosul>{{cita novas |nome1=Suadad |apelido1=Al-Salhy |nome2=Tim |apelido2=Arango |título=Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul |editor=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/world/middleeast/militants-in-mosul.html |date=10 June 2014}}</ref> e o [[masacre de Sinjar]].<ref name=CapturedSinjar>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/world/middleeast/iraq.html |title=Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam |work=The New York Times |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

O grupo foi descrito como unha organización terrorista polas [[Nacións Unidas]] e por moitos países de xeito individual. Estado Islámico é coñecido polos seus vídeos propagandísticos de decapitacións e outro tipo de execucións<ref name=PropagandaVideos>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/11/isis-propaganda-videos_n_6846688.html |title=A Short History Of ISIS Propaganda Videos |work=[[The World Post]] |date=11 March 2015}}</ref> a soldados e civís, incluíndo xornalistas e axuda humanitaria, así como pola destrución de lugares considerados patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219092526/http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |url=http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |title=Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack |first=Khalid |last=al-Taie |publisher=Al-Shorfa |date=13 February 2015 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> As Nacións Unidas consideran a Estados Islámico responsables de violar os dereitos humanos e de crimes de guerra. EI tamén realizou [[limpeza étnica]] a grande escala no norte de Iraq.<ref name=amnestyethnic>{{cite web |title=Ethnic cleansing on a historic scale: The Islamic State's systematic targeting of minorities in northern Iraq |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/8000/mde140112014en.pdf |publisher=Amnesty International |date=2 September 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312220534/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/8000/mde140112014en.pdf |archivedate=12 March 2015}}</ref>

EI naceu como ''[[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]'' en 1999, prometendo lealdade a [[al-Qaeda]] e participaron na insurxencia iraquí despois da [[Guerra de Iraq|invasión do país de 2003]] por forzas occidentais e principalmente polos Estados Unidos. O grupo proclamouse a si mesmo [[califato mundial]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |author-link=Bill Roggio |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/06/isis_announces_formation_of_ca.php |title=ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State' |work=[[Long War Journal]] |date=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="newname">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html |last=Withnall |first=Adam |title=Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East |date=29 June 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref> e comezou a referirse a si mesmo como Estados Islámico (en {{lang-ar|الدولة الإسلامية}} ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'') ou IS<ref name="What is IS">{{cite news |title=What is Islamic State? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144 |work=BBC News|date=26 September 2014}}</ref> in June 2014. As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all [[Ummah|Muslims worldwide]].<ref name=caliphate>{{cite web |title=What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean? |work=Al Akhbar English |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20378 |date=30 June 2014}}. See also: {{harvc |contribution=Caliph, caliphate |first1=Wadad |last=Kadi |first2=Aram A. |last2=Shahin |url={{Google books|q1I0pcrFFSUC|page=81|plainurl=y}} |in=Bowering |year=2013}}</ref> A adopción do nome de Estado Islámico e a idea dun [[califato]] foron amplamente criticados, polo cal as Nacións Unidas, varios gobernos e representantes mundiais musulmáns rexeitaron a súa calidade de estado.<ref name="NYT-20151221">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/21/opinion/a-medieval-antidote-to-isis.html |title=A Medieval Antidote to ISIS |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |date=21 December 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In Syria, the group conducted ground attacks on both [[Syrian government|government forces]] and [[Syrian opposition|opposition factions]] and by December 2015 it held a large area in western Iraq and eastern Syria, containing an estimated 2.8 to 8 million people,<ref name="politico2015"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/05/how-isis-rules/ |title=How ISIS Rules |last=Birke |first=Sarah |website=The New York Review of Books|date=5 February 2017}}</ref> where it enforced its interpretation of [[sharia law]]. ISIL is believed to be operational in [[#Territorial control and claims|18 countries]] across the world, including Afghanistan and Pakistan, with "aspiring branches" in Mali, Egypt, Somalia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034 |work=BBC News|date=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="reuters-turfwar">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629 |agency=Reuters |date=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Pakistani Taliban pledges allegiance to ISIL">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-pakistan-militants-is-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118 |agency=Reuters |date=18 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ISIL gains supporters" /> In 2015, ISIL was estimated to have an annual budget of more than US$1 billion and a force of more than 30,000 fighters.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of ISIS |last=Gerges |first=Fawaz A. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780691170008 |location=Princeton, New Jersey, USA |pages=21–22}}</ref>

In July 2017, the group lost control of its largest city, [[Mosul]], to the Iraqi army.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |url=http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2017/07/11/528164/Lebanon-Hezbollah-Nasrallah-Mosul-liberation-Daesh-terrorists-Middle-East |title=PressTV-'US created, allowed regional funding of Daesh' |date=11 July 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711234141/http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2017/07/11/528164/Lebanon-Hezbollah-Nasrallah-Mosul-liberation-Daesh-terrorists-Middle-East |archivedate=11 July 2017 }}</ref> Following this major defeat, ISIL continued to lose territory to the various states and other military forces allied against it, until it controlled no meaningful territory by November 2017.<ref name="territorial-losses">[http://iswresearch.blogspot.ca/2017/08/russian-airstrikes-in-syria-july-17.html Russia's Syria Mirage] Institute for Study of War website. By Matti Suomenaro, et al. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</ref> U.S. military officials and simultaneous military analyses reported in December 2017 that the group retained a mere 2 percent of the territory they had previously held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox32chicago.com/news/dont-miss/isis-has-lost-98-percent-of-its-territory-officials-say|title=ISIS has lost 98 percent of its territory, officials say|last=FOX}}</ref> On 10 December 2017, Iraq's Prime Minister [[Haider al-Abadi]] said that Iraqi forces had driven the last remnants of Islamic State from the country, three years after the militant group captured about a third of Iraq's territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/islamic-state-completely-evicted-from-iraq-iraqi-pm-says-20171210-h01x2r.html|title=Islamic State completely 'evicted' from Iraq, Iraqi PM says|date=9 December 2017|website=The Age}}</ref>


== Notas ==
== Notas ==

Revisión como estaba o 11 de decembro de 2018 ás 17:00

Bandeira do Estado Islámico.
Territorio controlado por EI (21 de outubro de 2015).

O Estado Islámico de Iraq e Levante (árabe: الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام), tamén coñecido como Estado Islámico de Iraq e Siria (ISIS en inglés, ou o Estado Islámico de Iraq e ash-Sham, Estado Islámico (EI),[1] ou Daesh (داعش,[2] é un grupo militar extremista wahhabí/xihadista salafí e autoproclamado califato, e antigo protoestado non recoñecido que seguía unha doutrina fundamentalista, salafí do sunnismo.[3][4] Estados Islámico conseguiu a atención global a comezos de 2014 cando desprazou ás forzas do goberno iraquí fóra de cidades estratéxicas na ofensiva iraquí occidental,[5] seguida da captura de Mosul[6] e o masacre de Sinjar.[7]

O grupo foi descrito como unha organización terrorista polas Nacións Unidas e por moitos países de xeito individual. Estado Islámico é coñecido polos seus vídeos propagandísticos de decapitacións e outro tipo de execucións[8] a soldados e civís, incluíndo xornalistas e axuda humanitaria, así como pola destrución de lugares considerados patrimonio cultural.[9] As Nacións Unidas consideran a Estados Islámico responsables de violar os dereitos humanos e de crimes de guerra. EI tamén realizou limpeza étnica a grande escala no norte de Iraq.[10]

EI naceu como Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad en 1999, prometendo lealdade a al-Qaeda e participaron na insurxencia iraquí despois da invasión do país de 2003 por forzas occidentais e principalmente polos Estados Unidos. O grupo proclamouse a si mesmo califato mundial[11][12] e comezou a referirse a si mesmo como Estados Islámico (en árabe: الدولة الإسلامية ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah) ou IS[1] in June 2014. As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.[13] A adopción do nome de Estado Islámico e a idea dun califato foron amplamente criticados, polo cal as Nacións Unidas, varios gobernos e representantes mundiais musulmáns rexeitaron a súa calidade de estado.[14]

In Syria, the group conducted ground attacks on both government forces and opposition factions and by December 2015 it held a large area in western Iraq and eastern Syria, containing an estimated 2.8 to 8 million people,[15][16] where it enforced its interpretation of sharia law. ISIL is believed to be operational in 18 countries across the world, including Afghanistan and Pakistan, with "aspiring branches" in Mali, Egypt, Somalia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines.[17][18][19][20] In 2015, ISIL was estimated to have an annual budget of more than US$1 billion and a force of more than 30,000 fighters.[21]

In July 2017, the group lost control of its largest city, Mosul, to the Iraqi army.[22] Following this major defeat, ISIL continued to lose territory to the various states and other military forces allied against it, until it controlled no meaningful territory by November 2017.[23] U.S. military officials and simultaneous military analyses reported in December 2017 that the group retained a mere 2 percent of the territory they had previously held.[24] On 10 December 2017, Iraq's Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said that Iraqi forces had driven the last remnants of Islamic State from the country, three years after the militant group captured about a third of Iraq's territory.[25]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 BBC News, ed. (26 de setembro de 2014). "What is Islamic State?". Consultado o 9 de marzo de 2015.  Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta <ref> non válida; o nome "What is IS" está definido varias veces con contidos diferentes
  2. Guthrie, Alice (19 de febreiro de 2015). Free Word Centre, ed. "Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand?". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 17 de novembro de 2015. Consultado o 15 de novembro de 2015. 
  3. Fouad al-Ibrahim (22 de agosto de 2014). Al Akhbar English, ed. "Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 24 de agosto de 2014. 
  4. Dolgov, Boris (23 de setembro de 2014). Oriental Review, ed. "Islamic State and the policy of the West". 

    Wilson, Rodney (2015). [Estado Islámico en Google Books. Islam and Economic Policy] |url= incorrecto (Axuda). Edinburgh University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7486-8389-5. 

    Cockburn, Patrick (3 March 2016). "End Times for the Caliphate?". London Review of Books 38 (5): 29–30. 

    Pastukhov, Dmitry; Greenwold, Nathaniel. "Does Islamic State have the economic and political institutions for future development?" (PDF). 

    Pedler, John (2015). [Estado Islámico en Google Books. A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung] |url= incorrecto (Axuda). Troubador. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-78462-223-7. 

    Kerr, Michael; Larkin, Craig (2015). [Estado Islámico en Google Books. The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant] |url= incorrecto (Axuda). Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9. 

  5. "John Kerry holds talks in Iraq as more cities fall to ISIS militants". CNN. 23 June 2014. 
  6. Al-Salhy, Suadad; Arango, Tim (10 June 2014). The New York Times, ed. "Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul". 
  7. Arango, Tim (3 August 2014). "Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam". The New York Times. 
  8. "A Short History Of ISIS Propaganda Videos". The World Post. 11 March 2015. 
  9. al-Taie, Khalid (13 February 2015). "Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack". Al-Shorfa. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 19 February 2015. 
  10. "Ethnic cleansing on a historic scale: The Islamic State's systematic targeting of minorities in northern Iraq" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2 September 2014. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 12 March 2015. 
  11. Roggio, Bill (29 June 2014). "ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'". Long War Journal. 
  12. Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent (London). 
  13. "What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean?". Al Akhbar English. 30 June 2014. . See also: Modelo:Harvc
  14. Akyol, Mustafa (21 December 2015). "A Medieval Antidote to ISIS". The New York Times. 
  15. Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta <ref> non válida; non se forneceu texto para as referencias de nome politico2015
  16. Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). "How ISIS Rules". The New York Review of Books. 
  17. "Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps". BBC News. 18 October 2016. 
  18. "Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground". Reuters. 29 June 2015. 
  19. "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. 
  20. Erro no código da cita: Etiqueta <ref> non válida; non se forneceu texto para as referencias de nome ISIL gains supporters
  21. Gerges, Fawaz A. (2016). A History of ISIS. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9780691170008. 
  22. "PressTV-'US created, allowed regional funding of Daesh'". 11 July 2017. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 11 July 2017. 
  23. Russia's Syria Mirage Institute for Study of War website. By Matti Suomenaro, et al. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  24. FOX. "ISIS has lost 98 percent of its territory, officials say". 
  25. "Islamic State completely 'evicted' from Iraq, Iraqi PM says". The Age. 9 December 2017. 

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