Alfabeto hebreo: Diferenzas entre revisións

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{{non galego}}
{{Alfabeto}}
{{Alfabeto}}
O '''[[abxad]] hebreo''', algunhas veces denominado mediante a súa forma hebrea '''alef-bet''' (אָלֶף-בֵּית), é a serie formada polas [[consoante]]s hebreas. Está composto por 22 caracteres, dos cales cinco teñen unha grafía distinta ao final das palabras. Utilízase para escribir o [[lingua hebrea|idioma hebreo]], o [[yiddish]] e, en menor medida, o [[xudeu-español]].
O '''[[abxad]] hebreo''', algunhas veces denominado mediante a súa forma hebrea '''alef-bet''' (אָלֶף-בֵּית), é a serie formada polas [[consoante]]s hebreas. Está composto por 22 caracteres, dos cales cinco teñen unha grafía distinta ao final das palabras. Utilízase para escribir o [[lingua hebrea|idioma hebreo]], o [[yiddish]] e, en menor medida, o [[xudeu-español]].
Liña 53: Liña 54:
==== Letras ====
==== Letras ====
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==== <small>'''Transliteración ao galego'''</small> ====
==== Transliteración ao galego ====
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==== <small>'''Transliteración ao hebreo'''</small> ====
==== Transliteración ao hebreo ====
==== <small>'''(alfabeto latino)'''</small> ====
==== (alfabeto latino) ====
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==== Transcripción ao inglés ====
==== Transcripción ao inglés ====
Liña 943: Liña 944:
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=====Notes=====
== Notas ==
{{Reflist|group="note"|refs=
{{Reflist|group="note"|refs=
{{#tag:ref|Rarely, [[loanwords]] or their [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivations]] contain the phoneme {{IPA|/w/}}, which [[Linguistic prescription|standardly]] is spelled with "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו}}", indistinguishably from "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו}}" denoting {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref name="transliteration_rules">[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language]</ref> Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו׳}}" or word-initial "{{Escrita/hebrea|וו}}" (see [[Vav (letter)#Pronunciation|orthographic variants of vav]]), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו}}" as {{IPA|/w/}} cannot rely on [[orthography]] but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "{{Escrita/hebrea|דַּאַוִין}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D3%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05DF <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "da'awín", "{{Escrita/hebrea|בָּאֲוִיר}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D1%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05E8 <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "ba'avír".|name="note_w"|group="note"}}
{{#tag:ref|Rarely, [[loanwords]] or their [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivations]] contain the phoneme {{IPA|/w/}}, which [[Linguistic prescription|standardly]] is spelled with "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו}}", indistinguishably from "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו}}" denoting {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref name="transliteration_rules">[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language]</ref> Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו׳}}" or word-initial "{{Escrita/hebrea|וו}}" (see [[Vav (letter)#Pronunciation|orthographic variants of vav]]), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "{{Escrita/hebrea|ו}}" as {{IPA|/w/}} cannot rely on [[orthography]] but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "{{Escrita/hebrea|דַּאַוִין}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D3%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05DF <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "da'awín", "{{Escrita/hebrea|בָּאֲוִיר}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D1%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05E8 <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "ba'avír".|name="note_w"|group="note"}}

Revisión como estaba o 18 de maio de 2015 ás 06:25

Historia do alfabeto

Idade de Bronce Medio ss –XIX - -XV

Meroítico s. –III.
Xenealoxía completa

O abxad hebreo, algunhas veces denominado mediante a súa forma hebrea alef-bet (אָלֶף-בֵּית), é a serie formada polas consoantes hebreas. Está composto por 22 caracteres, dos cales cinco teñen unha grafía distinta ao final das palabras. Utilízase para escribir o idioma hebreo, o yiddish e, en menor medida, o xudeu-español.

O alef-bet é propia e orixinalmente un abxad, é dicir, só contén caracteres consonánticos. A puntuación diacrítica dos masoretas utilízase unicamente como unha axuda na aprendizaxe do idioma, xa que orixinalmente o idioma hebreo -—xa sexa o moderno ou antigo— non a utiliza, é o lector quen a prové. O hebreo arcaico empregouse desde a súa creación até os patriarcas. O hebreo antigo aparece na época dos Reies (Saúl, David, Salomón etc.), e o hebreo cadrado ou moderno aparece por primeira vez no século III a. C.

Letras do alfabeto hebreo

Alef Bet Gimel Dalet He Vav Zayin Het Tet Yod Kaf
א א ב ב ג ג ד ד ה ה ו ו ז ז ח ח ט ט י י כ כ
ך ך
Lamed Mem Nun Samekh Ayin Pe Tsadi Qof Resh Shin Tav
ל ל מ מ נ נ ס ס ע ע פ פ צ צ ק ק ר ר ש ש ת ת
ם ם ן ן ף ף ץ ץ

Pronunciación das letras e os seus nomes

Letras

Transliteración ao galego

Transliteración ao hebreo

(alfabeto latino)

Transcripción ao inglés

א   /ˈalɛf/
בּ /bet/   /bɛɪs/
ב /vɛɪs/
ג /ˈɡimel/   /ˈɡimːɛl/
ד /ˈdalet/ /ˈdaled/ /ˈdalɛd/
ה /he/ /hej/ /hɛɪ/
ו /vav/   /vɔv/
ז /ˈzajin/ /ˈza.in/ /ˈzajin/
ח /ħet/ /χet/ / χɛs/
ט /tet/   /tɛs/
י /jod/ /jud/ /jud/
כּ /kaf/   /kɔf/
כ /χɔf/
ך /rhaf sofit/   /laŋɡɛ χɔf/
ל /ˈlamed/   /ˈlamɛd/
מ /mem/   /mɛm/
ם /mem sofit/   /ʃlɔs mɛm/
נ /nun/   /nun/
ן /nun sofit/   /laŋɛ nun/
ס /ˈsameχ/   /ˈsamɛχ/
ע /ˈʕajin/ /ˈa.in/ /ˈajin/
פּ /pe/ /pej/ /pɛɪ/
פ /fɛɪ/
ף /pe sofit/ /pej sofit/ /laŋɡɛ fɛɪ/
צ /ˈtsadi/ /ˈtsadik/ /ˈtsɔdi/, /ˈtsɔdik/, /ˈtsadɛk/
ץ /ˈtsadi sofit/ /ˈtsadik sofit/ /laŋɡɛ ˈtsadɛk/
ק /kof/ /kuf/ /kuf/
ר /reʃ/ /rejʃ/ /rɛɪʃ/
ש /ʃin/   /ʃin, sin/
תּ /tav/ /taf/ /tɔv/, /tɔf/
ת /sɔv/, /sɔf/

Nota: o alfabeto hebreo só emprega consoantes, sendo que as vogais poden ser representadas por acentos diacríticos, chamados Nekudot (niqqud no singular) ou sinais masoréticos.

Transcripción e transliteración das letras hebreas en galego

Table

Symbol Common Israeli Hebrew Academy ISO 259
2006 1953
Name Xlit. IPA Name Xlit. Name Xlit. Name Xlit. IPA
Consonants
א alef '[note 1] - alef '[note 1] alef ʼ[note 2] ʾālep̄ ʾ [ʔ]
ב vet v [v] vet v vet v ḇēṯ ḇ [v]
בּ bet b [b] bet b bet b bēṯ b [b]
bb bb bēṯ ḥāzāq bb [bb]
ג gimel g [ɡ] gimel g gimel g ḡīmel ḡ [ɣ]
גּ gīmel g [ɡ]
gg gg gīmel ḥāzāq gg [ɡɡ]
ג׳[note 3] jimel j [d͡ʒ]   ǧimel ǧ  
ד dalet d [d] dalet d dalet d ḏāleṯ ḏ [ð]
דּ dāleṯ d [d]
dd dd dāleṯ ḥāzāq dd [dd]
ד׳[note 4] dhalet dh [ð]   ḏalet ḏ  
ה hei h [h] he h he h hē h [h]
הּ
ו vav v (w)[note 5] [v] ([w])[note 5] vav v waw w wāw w [v] [(w)][note 5]
וּ[note 6] vv ww wāw ḥāzāq ww [vv]
ז zayin z [z] zayin z zayin z záyin z [z]
זּ zz zz záyin ḥāzāq zz [zz]
ז׳[note 3] zhayin zh [ʒ]   žayin ž  
ח chet ch, kh, h [χ] ẖet ẖ ẖet ẖ ḥēṯ ḥ [ħ]
ט tet t [t] tet t tet t ṭēṯ ṭ [tˤ]
טּ tt tt ṭēṯ ḥāzāq ṭṭ [tˤtˤ]
י yud y, i[note 7] [j] yud y yud y yōḏ y [j]
יּ yy yy yōḏ ḥāzāq yy [jj]
ך כ chaf ch, kh [χ] khaf kh khaf kh ḵāp̄ ḵ [x]
ךּ כּ kaf k [k] kaf k kaf k kāp̄ k [k]
kk kk kāp̄ ḥāzāq kk [kk]
ל lamed l [l] lamed l lamed l lāmeḏ l [l]
לּ ll ll lāmeḏ ḥāzāq ll [ll]
ם מ mem m [m] mem m mem m mēm m [m]
מּ mm mm mēm ḥāzāq mm [mm]
ן נ nun n [n] nun n nun n nūn n [n]
נּ nn nn nūn ḥāzāq nn [nn]
ס samech s [s] samekh s samekh s sāmeḵ s [s]
סּ ss ss sāmeḵ ḥāzāq ss [ss]
ע ayin '[note 1] - ayin '[note 1] ʻayin ʻ ʿáyin ʿ [ʕ]
ף פ fei f [f] fe f fe f p̄ē p̄ [f]
ףּ פּ[note 8] pei p [p] pe p pe p pē p [p]
pp pp pē ḥāzāq pp [pp]
ץ צ tzadi tz [t͡s] tsadi ts ẕadi ẕ ṣāḏē ṣ [sˤ]
צּ ẕẕ ṣāḏē ḥāzāq ṣṣ [sˤsˤ]
ץ׳ צ׳[note 3] tshadi tsh, ch [t͡ʃ]   čadi č  
ק kuf k [k] kuf k quf q qōp̄ q [q]
קּ kk qq qōp̄ ḥāzāq qq [qq]
ר reish r [ʁ] resh r resh r rēš r [ʀ]
רּ[note 4] rr rr rēš ḥāzāq rr [ʀʀ]
שׁ shin sh [ʃ] shin sh shin sh šīn š [ʃ]
שּׁ šīn ḥāzāq šš [ʃʃ]
שׂ sin s [s] sin s sin s śīn ś [s]
שּׂ ss ss śīn ḥāzāq śś [ss]
ת tav t [t] tav t taw t ṯāw ṯ [θ]
תּ tāw t [t]
tt tt tāw ḥāzāq tt [tt]
ת׳[note 4] thav th [θ]   ṯaw ṯ  
Forms used only in transliterations of Arabic
ח׳[note 4] ḫāʾ ḫ [χ]  
ט׳[note 4] ẓāʾ ẓ [ðˤ] ~ [zˤ]  
ע׳ ר׳[note 4] ġayn ġ [ɣ] ~ [ʁ]  
ץ׳ צ׳[note 4] ḍād ḍ [dˤ]  
Vowels
טְ shva nach   shva naẖ   shewa naẖ   šəwā nāḥ  
shva na e[note 9] [e̞][note 9] shva na e[note 9] shewa naʻ e šəwā nāʻ ə [ɐ̆]
[ɛ̆]
[ĕ]
[ĭ]
[ɔ̆]
[ŏ]
[ŭ]
חֱ chataf segol e [e̞] ẖataf seggol e ẖataf seggol e ḥăṭep̄ səḡōl ĕ [ɛ̆]
חֲ chataf patach a [ä] ẖataf pataẖ a ẖataf pataẖ a ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ ă [ɐ̆]
חֳ chataf kamatz o [o̞] ẖataf kamats o ẖataf qamaẕ o ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ ŏ [ɔ̆]
טִ chirik i [i] ẖirik i ẖiriq i ḥīreq qāṭān i [i]
ḥīreq gāḏôl ī [iː]
טֵ tzeire e [e̞] tsere e ẕere e ṣērē ē [eː]
טֶ segol seggol seggol səḡōl qāṭān e [ɛ]
səḡōl gāḏōl é, ẹ [ɛː]
טַ patach a [ä] pataẖ a pataẖ a páṯaḥ qāṭān a [ɐ]
páṯaḥ gāḏōl á, ạ [ɐː]
טָ kamatz gadol kamats gadol qamaẕ gadol qāmeṣ gāḏôl ā [ɔː]
kamatz katan o [o̞] kamats katan o qamaẕ qatan o ọ
qāmeṣ qāṭān o [ɔ]
טֹ cholam ẖolam ẖolam ḥōlem ō [oː]
טֻ kubutz u [u] kubbuts u qubbuẕ u qibbūṣ qāṭān u [u]
qibbūṣ gāḏōl ū [uː]
טוּ[note 6] shuruk shuruk shuruq šūreq qāṭān u [u]
šūreq gāḏōl ū [uː]
Israeli Diphthongs
טֵי tzeire yud ei [e̞͡ɪ] tsere e ẕere e ṣērē ē [eː]
טֶי segol yud seggol seggol səḡōl e, é, ẹ [ɛ(ː)]
טַי טַיְ patach yud ai [ä͡ɪ] pataẖ yud ay pataẖ yud ay páṯaḥ yōḏ ay, áy, ạy [ɐ(ː)j]
טָי טָיְ kamatz gadol yud kamats gadol yud qamaẕ gadol yud qāmeṣ yōḏ āy, oy, ọy [ɔ(ː)j]
kamatz katan yud oi [o̞͡ɪ] kamats katan yud oy qamaẕ qatan yud oy
טֹי טֹיְ cholam yud ẖolam yud ẖolam yud ḥōlem yōḏ ōy [oːj]
טֻי טֻיְ kubutz yud ui [u͡ɪ] kubbuts yud uy qubbuẕ yud uy ḥōlem yōḏ uy, ūy [u(ː)j]
טוּי טוּיְ shuruk yud shuruk yud shuruq yud šūreq yōḏ

Notas

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Functions only as a syllable break in Israeli Hebrew. So, when transcribed, is omitted everywhere except in circumstances where omission would be ambiguous, such as immediately after consonants or between vowels.
  2. ↑ Omitted at the beginnings of words.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 For phonemes in loanwords or their derivations. These are not used in Classical Hebrew, so are omitted from the ISO 259 columns.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 Hebrew-letter transliterations of foreign phonemes (used only for the transliterition of proper names or foreign language texts, never in native words or loanwords).
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Rarely, loanwords or their derivations contain the phoneme /w/, which standardly is spelled with "ו", indistinguishably from "ו" denoting /v/.[1] Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "ו׳" or word-initial "וו" (see orthographic variants of vav), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "ו" as /w/ cannot rely on orthography but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "דַּאַוִין" Morfix → "da'awín", "בָּאֲוִיר" Morfix → "ba'avír".
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Shuruk and "ו" with a dagesh look identical ("וּ") and are only distinguishable through the fact that in text with nikud, "ו" with a dagesh will normally be attributed a vocal point in addition, e.g. שׁוּק, ("a market"), trans. "shuk" (the "וּ" denotes a shuruk) as opposed to שִׁוֵּק ("to market"), trans. "shivék" (the "וּ" denotes a vav with dagesh). In the word שִׁוּוּק ("marketing"), trans. "shivúk", the first ("וּ") denotes a vav with dagesh, the second a shuruk., being the vocal point attributed to the first.
  7. ↑ Usually written as i after a vowel and either before a consonant or syllable break or at the end of a word.
  8. ↑ The pe hazak sofit ףּ is found once in the Tanakh. But ף is never used for /p/ in Modern Hebrew, with פ being used in all positions, including word-finally.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Israeli Hebrew typically demotes shva na to silent shva nach in situations where it can be comfortably omitted in common speech, creating consonant clusters that would otherwise not be permitted in older varieties of Hebrew. In situations where this happens, the shva is typically not transliterated at all, or is at most transliterated with an apostrophe (') – see shva.

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Outros artigos

  1. ↑ Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language
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