Alfabeto hebreo: Diferenzas entre revisións

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Revisión como estaba o 18 de maio de 2015 ás 05:28


Historia do alfabeto
Idade de Bronce Medio ss –XIX - -XV Protocananeo s. –XIV. Ugarítico s. –XIII. Fenicio s. –XI. Samaritano s. –VI. Arameo s. –IX. Brāhmī s. –VI. Hebreo s. –III. Siríaco s. –II. Avéstico s. -III. Árabe s. IV. Grego s. –VIII. Itálico antigo s. –VIII. Latino s. –VII. umbro s. -VI osco s. -V falisco s. -V alf. alpinos s. -III Rúnico s. II. Copto s. I. Gótico s. IV. Armenio 405. Glagolítico 862. Cirílico s. X. Ibérico s. –III. Celtibérico s. –II. Sudarábico s. –IX. Ge'ez ss. III-IV.
Meroítico s. –III.
Xenealoxía completa

O abxad hebreo, algunhas veces denominado mediante a súa forma hebrea alef-bet (אָלֶף-בֵּית), é a serie formada polas consoantes hebreas. Está composto por 22 caracteres, dos cales cinco teñen unha grafía distinta ao final das palabras. Utilízase para escribir o idioma hebreo, o yiddish e, en menor medida, o xudeu-español.

O alef-bet é propia e orixinalmente un abxad, é dicir, só contén caracteres consonánticos. A puntuación diacrítica dos masoretas utilízase unicamente como unha axuda na aprendizaxe do idioma, xa que orixinalmente o idioma hebreo -—xa sexa o moderno ou antigo— non a utiliza, é o lector quen a prové. O hebreo arcaico empregouse desde a súa creación até os patriarcas. O hebreo antigo aparece na época dos Reies (Saúl, David, Salomón etc.), e o hebreo cadrado ou moderno aparece por primeira vez no século III a. C.

Letras do alfabeto hebreo

Alef	Bet	Gimel	Dalet	He	Vav	Zayin	Het	Tet	Yod	Kaf
א א	ב ב	ג ג	ד ד	ה ה	ו ו	ז ז	ח ח	ט ט	י י	כ כ
										ך ך
Lamed	Mem	Nun	Samekh	Ayin	Pe	Tsadi	Qof	Resh	Shin	Tav
ל ל	מ מ	נ נ	ס ס	ע ע	פ פ	צ צ	ק ק	ר ר	ש ש	ת ת
	ם ם	ן ן			ף ף	ץ ץ

Pronunciación das letras e os seus nomes

Letras	Transliteración ao galego	Transliteración ao hebreo (alfabeto latino)	Transcripción ao inglés
Letras	Transliteración ao galego	Transliteración ao hebreo (alfabeto latino)	Transcripción ao inglés	א	/ˈalɛf/
בּ	/bet/		/bɛɪs/
ב	/bet/		/vɛɪs/
ג	/ˈɡimel/		/ˈɡimːɛl/
ד	/ˈdalet/	/ˈdaled/	/ˈdalɛd/
ה	/he/	/hej/	/hɛɪ/
ו	/vav/		/vɔv/
ז	/ˈzajin/	/ˈza.in/	/ˈzajin/
ח	/ħet/	/χet/	/ χɛs/
ט	/tet/		/tɛs/
י	/jod/	/jud/	/jud/
כּ	/kaf/		/kɔf/
כ	/kaf/		/χɔf/
ך	/rhaf sofit/		/laŋɡɛ χɔf/
ל	/ˈlamed/		/ˈlamɛd/
מ	/mem/		/mɛm/
ם	/mem sofit/		/ʃlɔs mɛm/
נ	/nun/		/nun/
ן	/nun sofit/		/laŋɛ nun/
ס	/ˈsameχ/		/ˈsamɛχ/
ע	/ˈʕajin/	/ˈa.in/	/ˈajin/
פּ	/pe/	/pej/	/pɛɪ/
פ	/pe/	/pej/	/fɛɪ/
ף	/pe sofit/	/pej sofit/	/laŋɡɛ fɛɪ/
צ	/ˈtsadi/	/ˈtsadik/	/ˈtsɔdi/, /ˈtsɔdik/, /ˈtsadɛk/
ץ	/ˈtsadi sofit/	/ˈtsadik sofit/	/laŋɡɛ ˈtsadɛk/
ק	/kof/	/kuf/	/kuf/
ר	/reʃ/	/rejʃ/	/rɛɪʃ/
ש	/ʃin/		/ʃin, sin/
תּ	/tav/	/taf/	/tɔv/, /tɔf/
ת	/tav/	/taf/	/sɔv/, /sɔf/

Nota: o alfabeto hebreo só emprega consoantes, sendo que as vogais poden ser representadas por acentos diacríticos, chamados Nekudot (niqqud no singular) ou sinais masoréticos.

Transcripción e transliteración das letras hebreas en galego

Table

Symbol	Common Israeli			Hebrew Academy				ISO 259
	Common Israeli			2006		1953		ISO 259
	Name	Xlit.	IPA	Name	Xlit.	Name	Xlit.	Name	Xlit.	IPA
Consonants
[[Aleph\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	alef	'^{[note 1]}	-	alef	'^{[note 1]}	alef	ʼ^{[note 2]}	ʾālep̄	ʾ	[ʔ]
[[Beth (letter)\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	vet	v	[v]	vet	v	vet	v	ḇēṯ	ḇ	[v]
Modelo:Hebrew	bet	b	[b]	bet	b	bet	b	bēṯ	b	[b]
Modelo:Hebrew	bet	b	[b]	bet	bb	bet	bb	bēṯ ḥāzāq	bb	[bb]
[[Gimel\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	gimel	g	[ɡ]	gimel	g	gimel	g	ḡīmel	ḡ	[ɣ]
Modelo:Hebrew					g		g	gīmel	g	[ɡ]
Modelo:Hebrew					gg		gg	gīmel ḥāzāq	gg	[ɡɡ]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 3]}	jimel	j	[d͡ʒ]			ǧimel	ǧ
[[Dalet\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	dalet	d	[d]	dalet	d	dalet	d	ḏāleṯ	ḏ	[ð]
Modelo:Hebrew					d		d	dāleṯ	d	[d]
Modelo:Hebrew					dd		dd	dāleṯ ḥāzāq	dd	[dd]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 4]}	dhalet	dh	[ð]			ḏalet	ḏ
[[He (letter)\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	hei	h	[h]	he	h	he	h	hē	h	[h]
Modelo:Hebrew	hei	h	[h]	he	h	he	h	hē	h	[h]
[[Waw (letter)\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	vav	v (w)^{[note 5]}	[v] ([w])^{[note 5]}	vav	v	waw	w	wāw	w	[v] [(w)]^{[note 5]}
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 6]}	vav	v (w)^{[note 5]}	[v] ([w])^{[note 5]}	vav	vv	waw	ww	wāw ḥāzāq	ww	[vv]
[[Zayin\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	zayin	z	[z]	zayin	z	zayin	z	záyin	z	[z]
Modelo:Hebrew	zayin	z	[z]	zayin	zz	zayin	zz	záyin ḥāzāq	zz	[zz]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 3]}	zhayin	zh	[ʒ]			žayin	ž
[[Heth\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	chet	ch, kh, h	[χ]	ẖet	ẖ	ẖet	ẖ	ḥēṯ	ḥ	[ħ]
[[Teth\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	tet	t	[t]	tet	t	tet	t	ṭēṯ	ṭ	[tˤ]
Modelo:Hebrew	tet	t	[t]	tet	tt	tet	tt	ṭēṯ ḥāzāq	ṭṭ	[tˤtˤ]
[[Yodh\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	yud	y, i^{[note 7]}	[j]	yud	y	yud	y	yōḏ	y	[j]
Modelo:Hebrew	yud	y, i^{[note 7]}	[j]	yud	yy	yud	yy	yōḏ ḥāzāq	yy	[jj]
[[Kaph\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	chaf	ch, kh	[χ]	khaf	kh	khaf	kh	ḵāp̄	ḵ	[x]
Modelo:Hebrew	kaf	k	[k]	kaf	k	kaf	k	kāp̄	k	[k]
Modelo:Hebrew	kaf	k	[k]	kaf	kk	kaf	kk	kāp̄ ḥāzāq	kk	[kk]
[[Lamedh\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	lamed	l	[l]	lamed	l	lamed	l	lāmeḏ	l	[l]
Modelo:Hebrew	lamed	l	[l]	lamed	ll	lamed	ll	lāmeḏ ḥāzāq	ll	[ll]
[[Mem\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	mem	m	[m]	mem	m	mem	m	mēm	m	[m]
Modelo:Hebrew	mem	m	[m]	mem	mm	mem	mm	mēm ḥāzāq	mm	[mm]
[[Nun (letter)\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	nun	n	[n]	nun	n	nun	n	nūn	n	[n]
Modelo:Hebrew	nun	n	[n]	nun	nn	nun	nn	nūn ḥāzāq	nn	[nn]
[[Samekh\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	samech	s	[s]	samekh	s	samekh	s	sāmeḵ	s	[s]
Modelo:Hebrew	samech	s	[s]	samekh	ss	samekh	ss	sāmeḵ ḥāzāq	ss	[ss]
[[Ayin\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	ayin	'^{[note 1]}	-	ayin	'^{[note 1]}	ʻayin	ʻ	ʿáyin	ʿ	[ʕ]
[[Pe (letter)\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	fei	f	[f]	fe	f	fe	f	p̄ē	p̄	[f]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 8]}	pei	p	[p]	pe	p	pe	p	pē	p	[p]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 8]}	pei	p	[p]	pe	pp	pe	pp	pē ḥāzāq	pp	[pp]
[[Tsade\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	tzadi	tz	[t͡s]	tsadi	ts	ẕadi	ẕ	ṣāḏē	ṣ	[sˤ]
Modelo:Hebrew	tzadi	tz	[t͡s]	tsadi	ts	ẕadi	ẕẕ	ṣāḏē ḥāzāq	ṣṣ	[sˤsˤ]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 3]}	tshadi	tsh, ch	[t͡ʃ]			čadi	č
[[Qoph\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	kuf	k	[k]	kuf	k	quf	q	qōp̄	q	[q]
Modelo:Hebrew	kuf	k	[k]	kuf	kk	quf	qq	qōp̄ ḥāzāq	qq	[qq]
[[Resh\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	reish	r	[ʁ]	resh	r	resh	r	rēš	r	[ʀ]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 4]}	reish	r	[ʁ]	resh	rr	resh	rr	rēš ḥāzāq	rr	[ʀʀ]
[[Shin (letter)\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	shin	sh	[ʃ]	shin	sh	shin	sh	šīn	š	[ʃ]
Modelo:Hebrew	shin	sh	[ʃ]	shin	sh	shin	sh	šīn ḥāzāq	šš	[ʃʃ]
Modelo:Hebrew	sin	s	[s]	sin	s	sin	s	śīn	ś	[s]
Modelo:Hebrew	sin	s	[s]	sin	ss	sin	ss	śīn ḥāzāq	śś	[ss]
[[Taw\|Modelo:Hebrew]]	tav	t	[t]	tav	t	taw	t	ṯāw	ṯ	[θ]
Modelo:Hebrew					t		t	tāw	t	[t]
Modelo:Hebrew					tt		tt	tāw ḥāzāq	tt	[tt]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 4]}	thav	th	[θ]			ṯaw	ṯ
Forms used only in transliterations of Arabic
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 4]}	ḫāʾ	ḫ	[χ]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 4]}	ẓāʾ	ẓ	[ðˤ] ~ [zˤ]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 4]}	ġayn	ġ	[ɣ] ~ [ʁ]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 4]}	ḍād	ḍ	[dˤ]
Vowels
Modelo:Hebrew	shva nach			shva naẖ		shewa naẖ		šəwā nāḥ
Modelo:Hebrew	shva na	e^{[note 9]}	[e̞]^{[note 9]}	shva na	e^{[note 9]}	shewa naʻ	e	šəwā nāʻ	ə	[ɐ̆] [ɛ̆] [ĕ] [ĭ] [ɔ̆] [ŏ] [ŭ]
Modelo:Hebrew	chataf segol	e	[e̞]	ẖataf seggol	e	ẖataf seggol	e	ḥăṭep̄ səḡōl	ĕ	[ɛ̆]
Modelo:Hebrew	chataf patach	a	[ä]	ẖataf pataẖ	a	ẖataf pataẖ	a	ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ	ă	[ɐ̆]
Modelo:Hebrew	chataf kamatz	o	[o̞]	ẖataf kamats	o	ẖataf qamaẕ	o	ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ	ŏ	[ɔ̆]
Modelo:Hebrew	chirik	i	[i]	ẖirik	i	ẖiriq	i	ḥīreq qāṭān	i	[i]
Modelo:Hebrew	chirik	i	[i]	ẖirik	i	ẖiriq	i	ḥīreq gāḏôl	ī	[iː]
Modelo:Hebrew	tzeire	e	[e̞]	tsere	e	ẕere	e	ṣērē	ē	[eː]
Modelo:Hebrew	segol			seggol		seggol		səḡōl qāṭān	e	[ɛ]
Modelo:Hebrew	segol			seggol		seggol		səḡōl gāḏōl	é, ẹ	[ɛː]
Modelo:Hebrew	patach	a	[ä]	pataẖ	a	pataẖ	a	páṯaḥ qāṭān	a	[ɐ]
Modelo:Hebrew	patach			pataẖ		pataẖ		páṯaḥ gāḏōl	á, ạ	[ɐː]
Modelo:Hebrew	kamatz gadol			kamats gadol		qamaẕ gadol		qāmeṣ gāḏôl	ā	[ɔː]
	kamatz katan	o	[o̞]	kamats katan	o	qamaẕ qatan	o	qāmeṣ gāḏôl	ọ	[ɔː]
	kamatz katan			kamats katan		qamaẕ qatan		qāmeṣ qāṭān	o	[ɔ]
Modelo:Hebrew	cholam			ẖolam		ẖolam		ḥōlem	ō	[oː]
Modelo:Hebrew	kubutz	u	[u]	kubbuts	u	qubbuẕ	u	qibbūṣ qāṭān	u	[u]
Modelo:Hebrew	kubutz			kubbuts		qubbuẕ		qibbūṣ gāḏōl	ū	[uː]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 6]}	shuruk			shuruk		shuruq		šūreq qāṭān	u	[u]
Modelo:Hebrew^{[note 6]}	shuruk			shuruk		shuruq		šūreq gāḏōl	ū	[uː]
Israeli Diphthongs
Modelo:Hebrew	tzeire yud	ei	[e̞͡ɪ]	tsere	e	ẕere	e	ṣērē	ē	[eː]
Modelo:Hebrew	segol yud	ei	[e̞͡ɪ]	seggol	e	seggol	e	səḡōl	e, é, ẹ	[ɛ(ː)]
Modelo:Hebrew	patach yud	ai	[ä͡ɪ]	pataẖ yud	ay	pataẖ yud	ay	páṯaḥ yōḏ	ay, áy, ạy	[ɐ(ː)j]
Modelo:Hebrew	kamatz gadol yud	ai	[ä͡ɪ]	kamats gadol yud	ay	qamaẕ gadol yud	ay	qāmeṣ yōḏ	āy, oy, ọy	[ɔ(ː)j]
Modelo:Hebrew	kamatz katan yud	oi	[o̞͡ɪ]	kamats katan yud	oy	qamaẕ qatan yud	oy	qāmeṣ yōḏ	āy, oy, ọy	[ɔ(ː)j]
Modelo:Hebrew	cholam yud	oi	[o̞͡ɪ]	ẖolam yud	oy	ẖolam yud	oy	ḥōlem yōḏ	ōy	[oːj]
Modelo:Hebrew	kubutz yud	ui	[u͡ɪ]	kubbuts yud	uy	qubbuẕ yud	uy	ḥōlem yōḏ	uy, ūy	[u(ː)j]
Modelo:Hebrew	shuruk yud	ui	[u͡ɪ]	shuruk yud	uy	shuruq yud	uy	šūreq yōḏ	uy, ūy	[u(ː)j]

Notes

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 Functions only as a syllable break in Israeli Hebrew. So, when transcribed, is omitted everywhere except in circumstances where omission would be ambiguous, such as immediately after consonants or between vowels.
↑ Omitted at the beginnings of words.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 For phonemes in loanwords or their derivations. These are not used in Classical Hebrew, so are omitted from the ISO 259 columns.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 ^4,6 Hebrew-letter transliterations of foreign phonemes (used only for the transliterition of proper names or foreign language texts, never in native words or loanwords).
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 Rarely, loanwords or their derivations contain the phoneme /w/, which standardly is spelled with "Modelo:Hebrew", indistinguishably from "Modelo:Hebrew" denoting /v/.^[1] Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "Modelo:Hebrew" or word-initial "Modelo:Hebrew" (see orthographic variants of vav), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "Modelo:Hebrew" as /w/ cannot rely on orthography but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "Modelo:Hebrew" ^Morfix → "da'awín", "Modelo:Hebrew" ^Morfix → "ba'avír".
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 Shuruk and "Modelo:Hebrew" with a dagesh look identical ("Modelo:Hebrew") and are only distinguishable through the fact that in text with nikud, "Modelo:Hebrew" with a dagesh will normally be attributed a vocal point in addition, e.g. Modelo:Hebrew, ("a market"), trans. "shuk" (the "Modelo:Hebrew" denotes a shuruk) as opposed to Modelo:Hebrew ("to market"), trans. "shivék" (the "Modelo:Hebrew" denotes a vav with dagesh). In the word Modelo:Hebrew ("marketing"), trans. "shivúk", the first ("Modelo:Hebrew") denotes a vav with dagesh, the second a shuruk., being the vocal point attributed to the first.
↑ Usually written as i after a vowel and either before a consonant or syllable break or at the end of a word.
↑ The pe hazak sofit Modelo:Hebrew is found once in the Tanakh. But Modelo:Hebrew is never used for /p/ in Modern Hebrew, with Modelo:Hebrew being used in all positions, including word-finally.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 Israeli Hebrew typically demotes shva na to silent shva nach in situations where it can be comfortably omitted in common speech, creating consonant clusters that would otherwise not be permitted in older varieties of Hebrew. In situations where this happens, the shva is typically not transliterated at all, or is at most transliterated with an apostrophe (') – see shva.

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Diacríticos do alfabeto hebreo

↑ Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language

[note_syl_br-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 Functions only as a syllable break in Israeli Hebrew. So, when transcribed, is omitted everywhere except in circumstances where omission would be ambiguous, such as immediately after consonants or between vowels.

[note_init_omit-2] Omitted at the beginnings of words.

[note_loan-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 For phonemes in loanwords or their derivations. These are not used in Classical Hebrew, so are omitted from the ISO 259 columns.

[note_foreign-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 ^4,6 Hebrew-letter transliterations of foreign phonemes (used only for the transliterition of proper names or foreign language texts, never in native words or loanwords).

[note_w-5] 5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 Rarely, loanwords or their derivations contain the phoneme /w/, which standardly is spelled with "Modelo:Hebrew", indistinguishably from "Modelo:Hebrew" denoting /v/.^[1] Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "Modelo:Hebrew" or word-initial "Modelo:Hebrew" (see orthographic variants of vav), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "Modelo:Hebrew" as /w/ cannot rely on orthography but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "Modelo:Hebrew" ^Morfix → "da'awín", "Modelo:Hebrew" ^Morfix → "ba'avír".

[note_vav_dgusha-6] 6,0 ^6,1 Shuruk and "Modelo:Hebrew" with a dagesh look identical ("Modelo:Hebrew") and are only distinguishable through the fact that in text with nikud, "Modelo:Hebrew" with a dagesh will normally be attributed a vocal point in addition, e.g. Modelo:Hebrew, ("a market"), trans. "shuk" (the "Modelo:Hebrew" denotes a shuruk) as opposed to Modelo:Hebrew ("to market"), trans. "shivék" (the "Modelo:Hebrew" denotes a vav with dagesh). In the word Modelo:Hebrew ("marketing"), trans. "shivúk", the first ("Modelo:Hebrew") denotes a vav with dagesh, the second a shuruk., being the vocal point attributed to the first.

[note_i-7] Usually written as i after a vowel and either before a consonant or syllable break or at the end of a word.

[note_pe_hazak_sofit-8] The pe hazak sofit Modelo:Hebrew is found once in the Tanakh. But Modelo:Hebrew is never used for /p/ in Modern Hebrew, with Modelo:Hebrew being used in all positions, including word-finally.

[note_shva-9] 9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 Israeli Hebrew typically demotes shva na to silent shva nach in situations where it can be comfortably omitted in common speech, creating consonant clusters that would otherwise not be permitted in older varieties of Hebrew. In situations where this happens, the shva is typically not transliterated at all, or is at most transliterated with an apostrophe (') – see shva.

[transliteration_rules-10] Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 5]

[note 6]

[note 7]

[note 8]

[note 9]

[1]

Revisión como estaba o 18 de maio de 2015 ás 05:28

Letras do alfabeto hebreo

Pronunciación das letras e os seus nomes

Letras

Transliteración ao galego

Transliteración ao hebreo

(alfabeto latino)

Transcripción ao inglés

Transcripción e transliteración das letras hebreas en galego

Table

Notes

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