Sistema AB0
O sistema AB0 do sangue procede da clasificación do sangue segundo os seus antíxenos nos eritrocitos, unha molécula existente na membrana das células. A detección do tipo de molécula presente pode realizarse mediante dous métodos:
- fenotipo: combínase o sangue cun antisoro que contén anticorpos, outras moléculas que reaccionan cos antíxenos producindo unha reacción de aglutinación;
- xenotipo: buscando o patrón xenético que determina as proteínas que crean os antíxenos;
Os tres sistemas coñecidos habitualmente proceden da fenotipación dos grupos, pero existen outros subgrupos especiais que teñen reaccións distintas: por exemplo, existe un subgrupo dentro do A que só se pode detectar xenotipicamente, pois non presenta reacción ante o antisoro A.
O nivel de reacción é importante, sobre todo tras un primeiro contacto, pois daquela xa se produciron anticorpos no sistema inmmunitario do individuo receptor. Inda así, non é inmediato, como pode ser o caso do sistema Rhesus.
A súa distribución xeográfica no mundo é desigual e permite coñecer a evolución demográfica, xenética e migratoria das poboacións humanas. Utilízase en combinación coa tipoloxía lingüística para buscar a orixe da humanidade.
Distribución mundial de grupos ABO e Rh por países [editar]
| País | Poboación[1] | O+ | A+ | B+ | AB+ | O- | A- | B- | AB- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia[2] | 21,262,641 | 40% | 31% | 8% | 2% | 9% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| Austria[3] | 8,210,281 | 30% | 33% | 12% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 3% | 1% |
| Bélxica[4] | 10,414,336 | 38% | 34% | 8.5% | 4.1% | 7% | 6% | 1.5% | 0.8% |
| Brasil[5] | 198,739,269 | 36% | 34% | 8% | 2.5% | 9% | 8% | 2% | 0.5% |
| Canadá[6] | 33,487,208 | 39% | 36% | 7.6% | 2.5% | 7% | 6% | 1.4% | 0.5% |
| Dinamarca[7] | 5,500,510 | 35% | 37% | 8% | 4% | 6% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| Estonia[8] | 1,299,371 | 30% | 31% | 20% | 6% | 4.5% | 4.5% | 3% | 1% |
| Finlandia[9] | 5,250,275 | 27% | 38% | 15% | 7% | 4% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| Francia[10] | 62,150,775 | 36% | 37% | 9% | 3% | 6% | 7% | 1% | 1% |
| Alemaña[11] | 82,329,758 | 35% | 37% | 9% | 4% | 6% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| Hong Kong[12] | 7,055,071 | 40% | 26% | 27% | 7% | 0.31% | 0.19% | 0.14% | 0.05% |
| Islandia[13] | 306,694 | 47.6% | 26.4% | 9.3% | 1.6% | 8.4% | 4.6% | 1.7% | 0.4% |
| India[14] | 1,166,079,217 | 36.5% | 22.1% | 30.9% | 6.4% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% |
| Irlanda[15] | 4,203,200 | 47% | 26% | 9% | 2% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 1% |
| Israel[16] | 7,233,701 | 32% | 34% | 17% | 7% | 3% | 4% | 2% | 1% |
| Países Baixos[17] | 16,715,999 | 39.5% | 35% | 6.7% | 2.5% | 7.5% | 7% | 1.3% | 0.5% |
| Nova Zelandia[18] | 4,213,418 | 38% | 32% | 9% | 3% | 9% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| Noruega[19] | 4,660,539 | 34% | 42.5% | 6.8% | 3.4% | 6% | 7.5% | 1.2% | 0.6% |
| Polonia[20] | 38,482,919 | 31% | 32% | 15% | 7% | 6% | 6% | 2% | 1% |
| Portugal[21] | 10,707,924 | 36.2% | 39.8% | 6.6% | 2.9% | 6.0% | 6.6% | 1.1% | 0.5% |
| Arabia Saudita[22] | 28,686,633 | 48% | 24% | 17% | 4% | 4% | 2% | 1% | 0.23% |
| Sudáfrica[23] | 49,320,000 | 39% | 32% | 12% | 3% | 7% | 5% | 2% | 1% |
| España[24] | 40,525,002 | 36% | 34% | 8% | 2.5% | 9% | 8% | 2% | 0.5% |
| Suecia[25] | 9,059,651 | 32% | 37% | 10% | 5% | 6% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| Turquía[26] | 76,805,524 | 29.8% | 37.8% | 14.2% | 7.2% | 3.9% | 4.7% | 1.6% | 0.8% |
| Reino Unido[27] | 61,113,205 | 37% | 35% | 8% | 3% | 7% | 7% | 2% | 1% |
| Estados Unidos[28] | 307,212,123 | 37.4% | 35.7% | 8.5% | 3.4% | 6.6% | 6.3% | 1.5% | 0.6% |
| Media ponderada | (poboación total= 2,261,025,244) | 36.44% | 28.27% | 20.59% | 5.06% | 4.33% | 3.52% | 1.39% | 0.45% |
Distribución mundial de grupos ABO por grupos humanos [editar]
| Distribución racial e étnica dos grupos ABO (sen Rh)[29] (Esta táboa tén máis entradas cá anterior, pero non distingue entre tipos Rh.) |
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O grupo sanguíneo B tén a súa frecuencia máis alta no norte da India e a veciña Asia central, e a súa incidencia diminúe tanto cara ó oeste como cara ó leste e baixa a porcentaxes dunha soa cifra en España[30][31]. Crese que estivo totalmente ausente das poboacións de aborixes australianos e dos nativos americanos antes da chegada dos europeos a estas zonas[31][32].
O grupo sanguíneo A asóciase con altas frecuencias en Europa, especialmente en Escandinavia e Europa central, aínda que as súas frecuencias máximas danse para algunhas poboacións aborixes australianas e os amerindios pés negros de Montana[33][34].
Notas [editar]
- ↑ CIA World Factbook
- ↑ Blood Types - What Are They?, Australian Red Cross
- ↑ Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information
- ↑ Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material
- ↑ Tipos Sanguíneos
- ↑ Types & Rh System, Canadian Blood Services
- ↑ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population.
- ↑ Veregruppide esinemissagedus Eestis
- ↑ Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma
- ↑ "Les groupes sanguins (système ABO)" (en French). Centre Hospitalier Princesse GRACE - Monaco. C.H.P.G. MONACO. 2005. http://www.chpg.mc/go/article.php3?id_article=111. Consultado o 2008-07-15.
- ↑ de:Blutgruppe#Häufigkeit der Blutgruppen
- ↑ Blood Donation, Hong Kong Red Cross
- ↑ Blóðflokkar
- ↑ Indian Journal for the Practising Doctor
- ↑ "Irish Blood Transfusion Service - Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution". Irish Blood Transfusion Service. http://www.ibts.ie/All_About_Blood/Blood_Group_Basics/. Consultado o 2009-11-07.
- ↑ The national rescue service in Israel
- ↑ "Voorraad Erytrocytenconcentraten Bij Sanquin" (en Dutch). http://www.sanquin.nl/Sanquin-nl/erygrafiek.nsf/All/Voorraad-Erytrocytenconcentraten-Bij-Sanquin.html. Consultado o 2009-03-27.
- ↑ What are Blood Groups? - NZ Blood
- ↑ Norwegian Blood Donor Organization
- ↑ Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu
- ↑ Portuguese Blood Institute (assuming Rh and AB antigens are independent)
- ↑ Fequency of ABO blood groups in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia
- ↑ South African National Blood Service - What's Your Type?
- ↑ Federación Nacional de Donantes de Sangre/La sangre/Grupos
- ↑ Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population.
- ↑ Turkey Blood Group Site.
- ↑ Frequency of major blood groups in the UK.
- ↑ Blood Types in the U.S.
- ↑ RACIAL & ETHNIC DISTRIBUTION of ABO BLOOD TYPES, BLOODBOOK.COM
- ↑ Blood Transfusion Division, United States Army Medical Research Laboratory (1971). Selected contributions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. 1971 v. 4. http://books.google.com/books?id=ALilcA7Acd0C. "... In northern India, in Southern and Central China and in the neighboring Central Asiatic areas, we find the highest known frequencies of B. If we leave this center, the frequency of the B gene decreases almost everywhere ..."
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 Encyclopaedia Britannica (2002). The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 0852297874. http://books.google.com/books?id=fpdUAAAAMAAJ. "... The maximum frequency of the B gene occurs in Central Asia and northern India. The B gene was probably absent from American Indians and Australian Aborigines before racial admixture occurred with the coming of the white man ..."
- ↑ Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember (1973). Anthropology. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvpFAAAAMAAJ. "... Blood type B is completely absent in most North and South American Indians ..."
- ↑ Laura Dean, MD (2005). Blood Groups an Red Cell Antigens. ISBN 1932811052. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=rbcantigen. "... Type A is common in Central and Eastern Europe. In countries such as Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland, about 45-50% of the population have this blood type, whereas about 40% of Poles and Ukrainians do so. The highest frequencies are found in small, unrelated populations. For example, about 80% of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A ..."
- ↑ (PDF) Technical Monograph No. 2: The ABO Blood Group System and ABO Subgroups. marzo 2005. http://www.biotec.com/pdf/Technical%20Monograph%20No.%202%20-%20ABO%20system%20and%20subgroups.pdf. "... The frequency of blood group A is quite high (25-55%) in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and parts of central Europe. High group A frequency is also found in the Aborigines of South Australia (up to 45%) and in certain American Indian tribes where the frequency reaches 35% ..."