Robert Ardrey

Robert Ardrey
	;
Biografía
Nacemento	16 de outubro de 1908 ; Chicago, Estados Unidos de América
Morte	14 de xaneiro de 1980 (71 anos); Cidade do Cabo, Suráfrica
Datos persoais
País de nacionalidade	Estados Unidos de América
Educación	Universidade de Chicago
Actividade
Ocupación	guionista , escritor , antropólogo , dramaturgo
Membro de	Real Sociedade de Literatura ; Phi Beta Kappa
Lingua	Lingua inglesa
	Premios (1936) Bolsa de estudos Guggenheim; membro da Royal Society of Literature ;

Robert Ardrey, nado en Chicago (Illinois) o 16 de outubro de 1908 e finado en Cidade do Cabo o 14 de xaneiro de 1980, foi un guionista e autor teatral estadounidense.

Traxectoria[editar | editar a fonte]

Na década de 1950 retomou os seus estudos académicos en Antropoloxía e ciencias do desenvolvemento^[1]^[2]. African Genesis e The Territorial Imperative, xunto co The Naked Ape (Desmond Morris, 1967), foron das obras con mellor acollida no discurso público durante a década de 1960, que combatía as asuncións previas da antropoloxía. As ideas de Ardrey influíron en Arthur C. Clarke e Stanley Kubrick no desenvolvemento de 2001: Unha odisea do espazo^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6], así como a Sam Peckinpah, ao que Strother Martin proporcionou dous dos libros de Ardrey^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]. A novela de Hammond Innes Levkas Man (1971) tamén recibiu a influencia da visión de Ardrey sobre as raíces das agresións humanas na Idade de Pedra^{[Cómpre referencia]}.

Paleoantropoloxía[editar | editar a fonte]

Robert Ardrey foi un dos defensores da teoría do cazador e do simio asasino, en tanto que escritor de ciencia ficción para os lectores iniciados en paleoantropoloxía, antropoloxía, etoloxía, paleontoloxía e evolución humana.

Ardrey postulou que os precursores do Australopithecus sobreviviron millóns de anos de seca no Mioceno e o Plioceno, mentres a sabana se estendía e as fragas se reducían, adaptándose ao estilo de caza das especies carnívoras. Os cambios nos métodos de supervivencia e organización social foron diferenciando gradualmente os pre-humanos dos outros primates. Os cambios na dieta propiciaron o desenvolvemento do cerebro humano.

A teoría do simio asasino postula que a agresión, un factor vital na caza con fins alimenticios, é unha característica fundamental que distingue os devanceiros do ser humano doutros primates.

Obra[editar | editar a fonte]

Ficción[editar | editar a fonte]

World's Beginning (1944).
The Brotherhood of Fear (1952).

Non ficción[editar | editar a fonte]

African Genesis: A Personal Investigation into the Animal Origins and Nature of Man (1961).
The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations (1966)
The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder (1970).
The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man (1976).
Aggression and Violence in Man: A Dialogue Between Dr. L.S.B. Leakey and Robert Ardrey (1971).

Teatro[editar | editar a fonte]

Star Spangled (1936)
Casey Jones (1938)
God and Texas (1938)
How To Get Tough About It (1938)
Thunder Rock (1939; levada ao cine en 1942)
Jeb (1946)
Sing Me No Lullaby (1954)
Shadow Of Heroes (1958)

Guións[editar | editar a fonte]

They Knew What They Wanted (1940)^[12].
A Lady Takes a Chance (1943).
The Green Years (1946).
Song of Love (1947).
The Three Musketeers (1948).
Madame Bovary (1949).
The Secret Garden (1949).
The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955)
The Power and the Prize (1956).
The Wonderful Country (1959).
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962)^[2].
Khartoum (1966)^[13], nomeada ao Oscar ao mellor guión orixinal).
The Animal Within (1975; documental).

Recoñecementos[editar | editar a fonte]

Premio Sergel Drama (1935).
Guggenheim fellowship (1937).
Premio Sidney Howard Memorial (1940).
Premio Theresa Helburn memorial (1961).
Willkie Brothers grant for anthropology (1963).
membro da Royal Society of Literature.

Vida persoal[editar | editar a fonte]

Robert Ardrey era fillo do editor Robert Leslie Ardrey e da profesora Marie Haswell^[2]. Acadou o graduado Phi Beta Kappa na University of Chicago, baixo a tutela de Thornton Wilder. En 1938 Ardrey casou con Helen Johnson, á que coñecera na universidade, divorciándose en 1960. Tiveron dous fillos, Ross e Daniel. En 1960 casou coa actriz de teatro surafricana Berdine Grunewald, que máis tarde ilustraría os seus libros.

O Arquivo Howard Gotlieb da Biblioteca Mugar Memorial da Universidade de Boston acolle a colección Robert Ardrey^[14] .

Notas[editar | editar a fonte]

↑ "Finding Aid for the Robert Ardrey Papers, 1935-1960", Online Archive of California (en inglés)
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 "Robert Ardrey", ficha en Allmovie (The New York Times):

Equally comfortable dealing with literary editors such as Bennett Cerf or moguls like Darryl F. Zanuck, he also retained his credibility in the intellectual realm by authoring texts on anthropology, history, and sociology that remain widely respected decades after their publication. The widening dates between Ardrey's film projects came as a result of his increasing literary activity, as he began generating screenplays and novels on his own in the early '50s and subsequently returned to his academic training in anthropology and the behavioral sciences. From the end of the 1950s, he kept his oar in both fields, film and academia, and occupied a virtually unique position in the Hollywood pecking order because of his dual career. In 1962, he took on the daunting task of turning the World War I-era novel Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis into relevant entertainment for the early '60s, authoring the screenplay for Vincente Minnelli's gargantuan 1962 all-star release.
↑ "2001 Diary (excerpts)" Arthur C. Clarke, The Lost Worlds of 2001 (1972) (en inglés).
↑ "Letter to the editor", Stanley Kubrick The New York Times, 27 de febreiro de 1972 (en inglés).
↑ "Strange Odyssey: From Dart to Ardrey to Kubrick and Clarke", Richard D. Erlich et al, curso English studies/Film theory1997-2005 (en inglés).
↑ "Moonwatcher's Memoir: A Diary of 2001, a Space Odyssey", Daniel Richter, Carroll & Graf, 2002

…the longest flash forward in the history of movies: three million years, from bone club to artificial satellite, in a twenty-fourth of a second. (Extracto de Foreword, de Arthur C. Clarke.) (en inglés).
↑ "Peckinpah: Primitive Horror". Time. December 20, 1971. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 27 de outubro de 2010. Consultado o 19 de outubro de 2010.
↑ David Weddle. If They Move... Kill 'Em!: The Life and Times of Sam Peckinpah (p. 396). 1994 first edition: Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-3776-8, ASIN 0802137768.
↑ Paul Cremean (23 May 2006). "Peckinpah's West vs. Mann's Metropolis". Grover Watrous' Golden Egg. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 20 de maio de 2007. Consultado o 19 de outubro de 2010. Drawing heavily from the work of Robert Ardrey, controversial sociologist and author of ‘African Genesis’ and ‘The Territorial Imperative,’ Peckinpah ascribed to the belief that man is by nature territorial, brutal and elementally animal.
↑ Garner Simmons: Peckinpah: A Portrait in Montage (p. 128). 1982 first edition: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-76493-6 (en inglés).
↑ Marshall Fine. Bloody Sam: The Life and Films of Sam Peckinpah. 1991 first edition: Dutton Books, ISBN 1-55611-236-X, ISBN 978-1-55611-236-2. 2006 paperback edition: Miramax Books, ISBN 1-4013-5972-8, ISBN 978-1-4013-5972-0.
↑ "Robert Ardrey (10/16/1908 - 1/14/1980) Other Credits". AMC (TV network) website. ^{[Ligazón morta]}
↑ "Robert Ardrey Filmography". DVDEmpire.com. Most Worked With: 1. Peter Ustinov 2. Pandro S. Berman 3. Raoul Walsh 4. Van Heflin 5. Angela Lansbury 6. Christopher Kent 7. Frank Allenby 8. Gene Kelly 9. George Sidney 10. Gladys Cooper
↑ "Ardrey, Robert". Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center (HGARC), Mugar Memorial Library, Boston University. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 15 de outubro de 2012. Consultado o 19 de outubro de 2010. Also included in the collection is Ardrey’s last manuscript, The Education of Robert Ardrey: An Autobiography (ca. 1980), edited and prefaced by Ardrey’s son, Daniel Ardrey.

[FindArchive-1] "Finding Aid for the Robert Ardrey Papers, 1935-1960", Online Archive of California (en inglés)

[NYTBio-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 "Robert Ardrey", ficha en Allmovie (The New York Times):

Equally comfortable dealing with literary editors such as Bennett Cerf or moguls like Darryl F. Zanuck, he also retained his credibility in the intellectual realm by authoring texts on anthropology, history, and sociology that remain widely respected decades after their publication. The widening dates between Ardrey's film projects came as a result of his increasing literary activity, as he began generating screenplays and novels on his own in the early '50s and subsequently returned to his academic training in anthropology and the behavioral sciences. From the end of the 1950s, he kept his oar in both fields, film and academia, and occupied a virtually unique position in the Hollywood pecking order because of his dual career. In 1962, he took on the daunting task of turning the World War I-era novel Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis into relevant entertainment for the early '60s, authoring the screenplay for Vincente Minnelli's gargantuan 1962 all-star release.

[Clarke2001Diary-3] "2001 Diary (excerpts)" Arthur C. Clarke, The Lost Worlds of 2001 (1972) (en inglés).

[KubrickLetterNYT-4] "Letter to the editor", Stanley Kubrick The New York Times, 27 de febreiro de 1972 (en inglés).

[KubrickClarkeErlichMiamiU-5] "Strange Odyssey: From Dart to Ardrey to Kubrick and Clarke", Richard D. Erlich et al, curso English studies/Film theory1997-2005 (en inglés).

[RichterMoonwatcher-6] "Moonwatcher's Memoir: A Diary of 2001, a Space Odyssey", Daniel Richter, Carroll & Graf, 2002

…the longest flash forward in the history of movies: three million years, from bone club to artificial satellite, in a twenty-fourth of a second. (Extracto de Foreword, de Arthur C. Clarke.) (en inglés).

[PeckinpahTime-7] "Peckinpah: Primitive Horror". Time. December 20, 1971. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 27 de outubro de 2010. Consultado o 19 de outubro de 2010.

[PeckinpahWeddle-8] David Weddle. If They Move... Kill 'Em!: The Life and Times of Sam Peckinpah (p. 396). 1994 first edition: Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-3776-8, ASIN 0802137768.

[PeckinpahCremean-9] Paul Cremean (23 May 2006). "Peckinpah's West vs. Mann's Metropolis". Grover Watrous' Golden Egg. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 20 de maio de 2007. Consultado o 19 de outubro de 2010. Drawing heavily from the work of Robert Ardrey, controversial sociologist and author of ‘African Genesis’ and ‘The Territorial Imperative,’ Peckinpah ascribed to the belief that man is by nature territorial, brutal and elementally animal.

[PeckinpahSimmons-10] Garner Simmons: Peckinpah: A Portrait in Montage (p. 128). 1982 first edition: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-76493-6 (en inglés).

[PeckinpahFine-11] Marshall Fine. Bloody Sam: The Life and Films of Sam Peckinpah. 1991 first edition: Dutton Books, ISBN 1-55611-236-X, ISBN 978-1-55611-236-2. 2006 paperback edition: Miramax Books, ISBN 1-4013-5972-8, ISBN 978-1-4013-5972-0.

[AMCBio-12] "Robert Ardrey (10/16/1908 - 1/14/1980) Other Credits". AMC (TV network) website. ^{[Ligazón morta]}

[DVDEmpireFilmography-13] "Robert Ardrey Filmography". DVDEmpire.com. Most Worked With: 1. Peter Ustinov 2. Pandro S. Berman 3. Raoul Walsh 4. Van Heflin 5. Angela Lansbury 6. Christopher Kent 7. Frank Allenby 8. Gene Kelly 9. George Sidney 10. Gladys Cooper

[HGARC-14] "Ardrey, Robert". Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center (HGARC), Mugar Memorial Library, Boston University. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 15 de outubro de 2012. Consultado o 19 de outubro de 2010. Also included in the collection is Ardrey’s last manuscript, The Education of Robert Ardrey: An Autobiography (ca. 1980), edited and prefaced by Ardrey’s son, Daniel Ardrey.

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